Lecture 3 Bio Anthropology : Cells + Protein Synthesis

eukaryote

An animal cell that is organized with its structure. Humans are eukaryotes.

prokaryote

a bacterial cell that has no organization ; DNA is free floating

nucleus

Houses the DNA

cytoplasm

a gel-like fluid filling the cell that holds internal cell parts and supports metabolic activity

nuclear DNA

The master blueprint that stores the info for all physical traits

Mitochondrial DNA

DNA that focuses on energy production

ribosome

tiny structures that build proteins needed for cell functions

endoplasmic recticulum

A transport network; makes lipids and proteins.

adenine

Nitrogenous base: goes with Thymine

guanine

Nitrogenous base: goes with Cytosine

thymine

Nitrogenous base: goes with Adenine

cytosine

Nitrogenous base: goes with Guanine

uracil

Nitrogenous base, for RNA; goes with Cytosine, and replaces Thymine.

nucleotide

The basic unit of DNA. Made of sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogenous base

DNA replication

DNA divides into two separate strands, hydrogen bond between nucleotides break. Each strand serves as a template for the pairing strand, making a copy. New DNA strands come from RNA primers.

mutation

Occurs when there are uncorrected errors in DNA replication, leading to permanent changes in DNA.

protein

A result of multiple polypeptide chains in complex formation

codons

A bundle of 3 nucleotides. 64 possible combinations

anticodons

The tNRA sequence of nucleotides mirrors the mRNA codon and is called an anticodon

transcription

Happens in the nucleus. 2 DNA strands split where gene is present. RNA molecule is synthesized, copying one strand of unzipped DNA. RNA separates from DNA, DNA reattaches, and the free RNA leaves the nuclear membrane as mRNA.

mRNA

The separated RNA from DNA that leaves the nuclear membrane

tRNA

transports single amino acids corresponding to the mRNA codon to the ribosome to attach to the building protein chain.

amino acids

These are the things that make up proteins

polypeptide

A chain of amino acids

chromosomes

exist in pairs, inherited from bio-parents, one from each. Humans have 23 pairs, 46 in total.

karyotype

diploid

Somatic (non-sex cells), with the full number of chromosomes arranged in pairs

haploid

Gametes (sex cells), with just one half of a chromosome pair, contain half as many chromosomes.

gamete

Sex cell

gene

the part of a DNA molecule that has enough information to make ONE protein

allele

Different versions of a GENE

homologous / nonhomologus

Code for the same genes vs code for different genes

homozygous / heterozygous

Code for the same allele vs code for different alleles

sex chromosome

gametes (X+Y)

genome

Full map of a species’ genetic information, a full reading of the DNA comprising each individual chromosome.

mitosis

Cell division. Cell duplicates all contents, including chromosomes, splitting to form two daughter cells.

meiosis

Cell division of gametes only. Crossing over occurs, resulting in recombination.