Med Term Ch. 10

reno, nephro

kidneys - filter the blood to remove waste products, maintain electrolyte concentrations, and remove excess water to maintain the fluid volume within the body.

pyelo

renal pelvis - collects urine produced by the kidneys

uro , urino

urine - liquid waste products to be excreted

uretero

ureters - transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder

cysto

urinary bladder - stores urine until it is excreted

urethro

urethra - transports urine from the bladder through the urethral meatus, where it is excreted

prostato

prostate - a gland of the male reproductive system that surrounds the male urethra. disorders of this gland can disrupt the flow of urine

-cele

hernia, tumor, swelling

-tripsy

to crush

vesico

urinary bladder

kidneys

the urinary system maintains the proper balance of water, electrolytes, and acids in the body by filtering blood as it flows through the ___. this system removes urea, creatinine, uric acid, and other waste products from the bloodstream.

urea

__ is the major waste product of protein metabolism

creatinine

__ is a waste product of muscle metabolism

urinary bladder

waste products and excess fluids are converted into urine in the kidneys and excreted from the body via the __

Urine

__ is a clear, amber, slightly acidic liquid with an acrid odor that is formed in the kidneys and excreted from the urinary bladder.

urinary tract

the urinary system is also called the __

two, two, one, one

the urinary system consists of _ kidneys, _ ureters, _ bladder, and _ urethra.

adrenal glands

the __, which are part of the endocrine system, are located on top of the kidneys

genitourinary tract

the urinary tract is located in close proximity to the reproductive organs, so these two body systems are sometimes referred to together as the __

95

The kidneys constantly filter the blood to remove waste products and excess water. These are excreted as urine, which is _% water, with urea and other body wastes making up the remainder.

kidneys

the __ also help the body maintain the proper level of fluid, produce hormones that control blood pressure and make red blood cells, and activate vitamin D to maintain healthy bones.

renal

the term _ means pertaining to the kidneys

Retroperitoneal

The two bean-shaped kidneys are located in the retroperitoneal space, with one on each side of the vertebral column below the diaphragm and the lower edge of the rib cage. __ means behind the peritoneum, which is the membrane that lines the abdominal cavity.

renal cortex

the __ is the outer region of the kidney. This layer of tissue contains more than one million microscopic units called nephrons.

cortex

The term __means the outer portion of an organ.

medulla

the __ is the inner region of the kidney, and it contains most of the urine-collecting tubules.

tubule

a __ is a small tube

nephrons

the __ are the microscopic functional units of each kidney. It is here that urine is produced through the processes of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion

reabsorption

__ is the return to the blood of some of the substances that were removed during filtration.

glomerulus

each nephron contains a __, which is a cluster of capillaries, surrounded by a cup-shaped membrane called the Bowman’s capsule, and a renal tubule.

renal artery

Blood enters the kidney through the __ and flows into the nephrons.

renal vein

After passing through the filtration system of the glomerulus, the filtered blood containing protein and blood cells leaves the kidney and returns to the bloodstream through the __.

renal tubules

The remaining filtrate flows into the __, where elements, including some water, sugar, and electrolytes, are returned to the bloodstream via a nearby capillary.

urine

Remaining waste products are continuously converted into __, which is transported to the renal pelvis and collected in preparation for entry into the ureters.

renal pelvis

The __ is the funnel-shaped area inside each kidney that is surrounded by the renal cortex and medulla. This is where the newly formed urine from the nephrons collects before it flows into the ureters.

ureters

the __ are two narrow tubes, each about 10 to 12 inches long, which transport urine from the kidney to the bladder. Peristalsis, which is a series of wave-like contractions, moves urine down each [//] to the bladder.

ureteral orifices

Urine drains from the ureters into the bladder through the __ in the wall of the urinary bladder

urinary bladder

The __ is an oval, hollow, muscular organ that is a reservoir for urine before it is excreted from the body

pubic symphysis

The bladder is located in the anterior portion of the pelvic cavity behind the __. The average adult bladder stores more than one pint of urine.

rugae

Like the stomach, the bladder is lined with __. These folds allow it to expand when full and contract when empty.

urethra

the __ is the tube extending from the bladder to the exterior of the body.

urinary sphincters

There are two __, one located at either end of the urethra. These muscular rings control the flow of urine from the bladder into the urethra and out of the urethra through the urethral meatus.

urethral meatus

the __, also known as the urinary meatus, is the external opening of the urethra

meatus

the term __ means the external opening of a canal

1.5

The female urethra is approximately __ inches long, and the urethral meatus is located between the clitoris and the opening of the vagina

8

The male urethra is approximately __ inches long, and the urethral meatus is located at the tip of the penis

prostate gland

the __, which is a part of the male reproductive system, surrounds the urethra. Most disorders of this organ affect the male’s ability to urinate

micturition

Urination, also known as voiding or __, is the normal process of excreting urine.

nephrologist

a __ is a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the kidneys

urologist

a __ is a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the urinary system of females and the genitourinary system of males

nephropathy

the term __ means any disease of the kidney. This definition includes both degenerative and inflammatory conditions

renal failure

__, also known as kidney failure, is the inability of one or both of the kidneys to perform their functions. The body cannot replace damaged nephrons, and when too many nephrons have been destroyed, the result is kidney failure.

azotemia

__ is an elevation of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) caused by a lack of blood flow to each kidney. Uremia can occur when this excess becomes toxic.

uremia

__ is a toxic condition resulting from renal failure in which kidney function is compromised and urea and other waste products normally secreted in the urine are retained in the blood

uremic poisoning

uremia is also known as __

acute renal failure

__ has sudden onset and is characterized by uremia. It can be fatal if not reversed promptly. This condition can be caused by the kidneys not receiving enough blood to filter due to dehydration or a sudden drop in blood volume or blood pressure from injury, burns, or a severe infection.

chronic kidney disease

__ is the progressive loss of renal function over months or years. This common condition, which can be life-threatening, may result from diabetes mellitus, hypertension, or a family history of kidney disease.

chronic kidney disease

The buildup of waste in the blood from __ can be a contributing factor in heart attacks and strokes.

kidney failure

end-stage renal disease is also known as __

end-stage renal disease

__ is the final stage of chronic kidney disease, and this condition is fatal unless the functions of the failed kidneys are replaced by dialysis, or with a successful kidney transplant.

nephrosis

nephrotic syndrome is also known as __

nephrotic syndrome

__ is a group of conditions in which excessive amounts of protein are lost through the urine. This condition, which is usually caused by damage to the glomeruli, results in abnormally low levels of protein in the blood

edema

__ is excessive fluid accumulation in body tissues that can be symptomatic of nephrotic syndrome and other kidney diseases. This swelling can be in the area around the eyes, or in the legs and feet.

hyperproteinuria

__ is the presence of abnormally high concentrations of protein in the urine

hypoproteinemia

__ is the presence of abnormally low concentrations of protein in the blood. This condition is often associated with hyperproteinuria.

minimal change disease

Causes of nephrotic syndrome include diabetes mellitus, infection, and kidney disorders. __, so called because the nephrons look normal under a regular microscope, is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children.

ectopic kidney

a __ is a congenital condition in which one kidney is located in an abnormal position or has fused with the other kidney. this condition can be associated with an increased risk of urinary tract infections and nephroliths

ectopic

the term __ means “located in an abnormal place or position”

hydronephrosis

__ is the dilation of one or both kidneys. this condition can be caused by problems associated with the backing up of urine due to an obstruction such as a nephrolith [kidney stone] or a stricture [narrowing] in the ureter

nephritis

__ is an inflammation of the kidney or kidneys. the most common causes are toxins, infection, or autoimmune disease

glomerulonephritis

__ is a type of nephritis caused by inflammation of the glomeruli that causes red blood cells and proteins to leak into the urine

pyonephrosis

__, also known as nephropyosis, is suppuration of the kidney, and is often associated with hydronephrosis

nephropyosis

pyonephrosis is also called __

polycystic kidney disease

__ is a genetic disorder characterized by the growth of numerous fluid-filled cysts in the kidneys. these cysts, which slowly replace much of the mass of the kidney, reduce the kidney’s function, eventually leading to kidney failure.

renal colic

__ is an acute pain in the kidney area that is caused by blockage during the passage of a nephrolith [kidney stone]. [//] pain sometimes comes in waves due to the peristaltic movement of the ureters

colic

__ means spasms of pain in the abdomen

renal cell carcinoma

__ is the most common form of kidney cancer in adults. it can cause flank pain and blood in the urine, but it is most commonly asymptomatic until the tumor has grown enough to impair kidney function

nephroblastoma

a wilms tumor is also known as a ___

wilms tumor

a ___, also known as a nephroblastoma, is a rare type of malignant tumor of the kidney that occurs in young children. there is a high cure rate for this condition when treated promptly.

calculus

A stone, also known as a __, is an abnormal mineral deposit that has formed within the body and is named for the organ or tissue where it is located. These stones vary in size from small sand-like granules that pass through the body unnoticed to stones the size of marbles that can become lodged, causing acute pain and urinary tract obstruction.

nephrolithiasis

the term __ describes the presence of stones in the kidney. as these stones travel with the flow of urine, they are named for the location where they become lodged.

urinary tract obstruction

a __ is a blockage that prevents the flow of urine in one part of the urinary tract. obstructions are named for their locations, and are commonly caused by stones, congenital abnormalities, or an enlarged prostate.

nephrolith

a __, also known as a kidney stone or renal calculus, is found in the kidney.

ureterolith

a __ is a stone located anywhere along the ureter

cystolith

a __ is a stone located within the urinary bladder

hydroureter

__ is the distention of the ureter with urine that cannot flow because of a ureteral obstruction.

hydronephrosis

hydroureter always accompanies __

ureteral obstruction

__ is a blockage of one or both ureters. it can be due to congenital abnormality, a ureterolith, or other disorders

ureterorrhagia

__ is the discharge of blood from the ureter

cystalgia

__ and cystodynia both mean pain in the bladder

cystodynia

__ and cystalgia both mean pain in the bladder

cystocele

a __, also known as a prolapsed bladder, is a hernia of the bladder through the vaginal wall. this is sometimes because of a pregnancy or childbirth

prolapsed bladder

a cystocele is also known as a ___

interstitial cystitis

__ is a chronic inflammation within the walls of the bladder. the symptoms are similar to those of cystitis, however, they do not respond to traditional treatment

vesicoureteral reflux

__ is the backward flow of urine into the ureters from the bladder. this is most common in infants and children

vesicovaginal fistula

a ___ is an abnormal opening between the bladder and vagina that allows constant involuntary flow of urine from the bladder into the vagina. this may be caused by prolonged labor during childbirth or surgery such as a hysterectomy

fistula

a __ is an abnormal passage between two internal organs

neurogenic bladder

__ is a urinary problem caused by interference with the normal nerve pathways associated with urination. normal urinary function depends on nerves to sense when the bladder is full and to control the muscles that either retain the urine or allow the bladder to empty.

neuropathy

any disease or damage to a nerve is called __

benign prostatic hyperplasia

_, also known as benign prostatic hypertrophy or simply an enlarged prostate, is an enlargement of the prostate gland that most often occurs in men older than 50. this condition can make urination difficult and cause other urinary tract problems for men.