Part 1 Chiropractic Boards: Spinal Anatomy -- CNS & Related Structures

What gives rise to all neurons and supporting cells?

Ectoderm

What do vertebra develop from? What is this part of? What embryological layer is this?

Sclerotome

part of somites

from mesoderm

What induces ectoderm to form neuroectoderm? What is the remnant of this?

Notochord

Remnant IVD as nucleus pulposus

What forms the neural plate?

Ectoderm ("neuroectoderm")

What forms the neural groove? What two things does this house?

Neural plate

Houses:

1) spinal cord

2) brain vesicles

What 11 things does the Neural crest develop into?

1) Brachial arteries

2) PNS

3) Schwann cells, pia & arachnoid meninges

4) Sacral parasympathetics

5) Spinal (sensory) & autonomic ganglia

6) Mesencephalic nucelus of V

7) Melanocytes

8) Bone & connective tissue (of head)

9) Dorsal Root Ganglia (DRG)

10) Ganglia of CN VI, VII, IX, X (6, 7, 9, 10)

11) Adrenal gland medulla (suprarenals)

Pneumonic

- Brushing with Crest Provides A Super Sweet Minty Sensation After Binging 6791 Damn Good M&Ms

Brushing = Brachial arteries

Crest = Neural Crest

Provides = PNS

A Super= Autonomic ganglia & Spinal (sensory)

Sweet = Sacral parasympathetics

Minty Sensation = Schwann cells, pia & arachnoid Meninges

After = Adrenal gland medulla (suprarenals)

Binging = Bone & connective tissue (of head)

Damn = DRG

Good = Ganglia of 6 7 9 10

M & M = Mesencephalic nucleus of V & Melanocytes

What are the 4 structures that the Neural plate (brain cells) develop into?

1) Macroglial cells (Oligodendrocytes & Astrocytes)

2) Neurons CNS

3) Ependymal cells

4) Retinal cells

Pneumonic:

Don't be a MOANER... learn your neural plate

M = Macroglial cells

O = Oligodendrocytes

A = Astrocytes

N = Neurons (CNS)

E = Ependymal cells

R = Retinal cells

NOTE: remember this one over the neural crest, it's easier!

What forms the lining of the digestive tube and its associated structures?

Endoderm epithelium

What two structures form at the division of the foregut and midgut?

Liver & Pancreatic buds

What are the 4 parts of the primitive gut?

Foregut

Midgut

Hindgut

Allantois

What 5 parts are formed via the foregut?

1) Glands buccal cavity

2) Pharyngeal pouches

3) Pharynx

4) Esophagus

5) Stomach

(Think stomach up)

What are the 4 structures formed via the midgut?

1) Duodenum

2) Jejunum

3) Appendix

4) Part of transverse colon

(think SI halfway through LI)

What are the 3 structures formed via the hindgut?

1) Part of transverse colon

2) Sigmoid & descending colon

3) Rectum & upper anal canal

(think second half of LI through upper a-hole/anus/pooping)

What are the 5 structures formed by the Allantois?

1) Urinary bladder

2) Vagina

3) Urethra

4) Prostate

5) Urethral glands

(think peeing, sex, and genitalia)

Somite cells form what?

SCLEROTOME

What 3 things does the Sclerotome (from somites) form?

1) Vertebral column (cartilage/bone)

2) Myotome (muscles)

3) Dermatome (skin)

What does the foramen ovule become in adults? Where is this located?

Fossa ovalis

Located between interatrial septum

What does the ductus arteriosus become in adults? Where is this located?

Ligamentum arteriosum

Bypasses lung pulmonary trunk to arch of aorta

What does the ductus venosus become in adults? Where is this located?

Ligamentum venosum

Bypasses sinusoids of fetal liver

What does the umbilical vein become in adults?

Ligamentum teres / Round ligament

What does the Umbilical arteries become in adults?

Medial umbilical ligaments

What is the urachus a remnant of?

Duct of allantois

(a remnant of a channel between the bladder and the umbilicus (belly button) where urine initially drains in the fetus during the 1st trimester of pregnancy)

What embryonic structure becomes the ligamentum teres (round ligament) in adults?

Umbilical vein

What embryonic structure becomes the ligamentum arteriosum in adults? Where is this located?

Ductus arteriosus

Bypasses lung pulmonary trunk to arch of aorta

What embryonic structure becomes the medial umbilical ligaments in adults?

Umbilical arteries

What embryonic structure becomes the ligamentum venosum in adults? Where is this located?

Ductus venosus

Bypasses sinusoids of fetal liver

What embryonic structure becomes the fossa ovalis in adults? Where is this located?

Foramen ovale

Between interatrial septum

What is the main function of simple squamous epithelial cells? In what 3 places is this found?

Filtration & Diffusion

Location:

1) Capillaries

2) Alveoli

3) Glomeruli

NOTE: Makes sense because we want diffusion of oxygen from air into lungs and blood, we want to filter out unwanted products form the air, blood, and urine. We get rid of wastes and find/keep important products in blood, respiration, and urination

What is the main function of ciliated epithelium? What 3 locations is this located?

Circulate, Move, Sweep/Clean

Locations:

1) Brain vesicles

2) Oviduct

3) Lungs

NOTE: Makes sense because brain vesicles circulate the CSF daily, Oviduct moves the egg from ovary to uterus, and Lungs will move debris and mucus out

What is the main function of ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium? What are 2 locations for this?

Lining

Locations:

1) Trachea

2) Upper Respiratory Tract (URT)

NOTE: Makes sense since nothing should be happening to air in these places other than passage, we want to line the area for protection but not have any diffusion/filtration

What is the main function of Non-ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium? Where is this located?

Membrane

Location: Vas deferens

(long tube made from fiber and muscle tissue; transport sperm)

NOTE: Think this is a special one, the vas deferens special only in men and sperm can move itself with flagella (so don't need ciliated, its non-ciliated). All those sperm are also faked out as most never used for their "true" purpose, so fake = pseudo.

What is the cranial nerve for Brachial Arch (Pharyngeal Arch) 1?

Mandibular branch of Trigeminal (V = 5)

-- aka V3 (5.3)

What is the cranial nerve for Brachial Arch (Pharyngeal Arch) 2?

Facial (VII = 7)

What is the cranial nerve for Brachial Arch (Pharyngeal Arch) 3?

Glossopharyngeal (IX = 9)

What is the cranial nerve for Brachial Arch (Pharyngeal Arch) 4?

Superior laryngeal branch of Vagus (X = 10)

What is the cranial nerve for Brachial Arch (Pharyngeal Arch) 6?

Inferior laryngeal of Vagus (X = 10) --> RECURRENT branch

NOTE: CN for Arches goes in # ORDER, starting w/ odds & ending w/ 10 -->

Arch 1 = 5 (.3)

Arch 2 = 7

Arch 3 = 9

Arch 4 = 10 s (superior laryngeal)

Arch 6 = 10 i (inferior laryngeal; aka recurrent laryngeal)

What 2 skeletal structure does Brachial (Pharyngeal) Arch 1 lead to?

1) Malleus (Meckel's cartilage)

2) Incus (Quadrate cartilage)

NOTE: CN is MandIbular branch of V, next to mandible is ear (or M and I in MandIbular), also first part of middle ear

Each of the CN making up the arches innervate these respective structures/muscles!

What 2 muscles does Brachial (Pharyngeal) Arch 1 lead to?

1) Muscles of mastication

2) Jaw closing muscles

NOTE: CN is MandIbular branch of V, so controls chewing (which needs jaw to BITE down and CHEW!)

Each of the CN making up the arches innervate these respective structures/muscles!

What 2 skeletal structure does Brachial (Pharyngeal) Arch 2 lead to?

1) Stapes

2) Styloid

NOTE: Last and smallest bone of middle ear, along with small styloid bone in skull (so think Small Small bones of the Face (Facial nerve VII))

What 4 muscles does Brachial (Pharyngeal) Arch 2 lead to?

1) Muscles of facial expression

2) Jaw opening muscles

3) Stylohyoid

4) Stapedius

NOTE: CN VII so facial expression makes sense; opposite of 1 (think our "smiling" muscles to think of "opening jaw" vs the closing of jaw for chewing in #1); bones innervated are stapes and styloid so its associated muscles makes sense

What 2 skeletal structures does Brachial (Pharyngeal) Arch 3 lead to?

1) Cornu

2) Hyoid

NOTE: Cornu is part of hyoid bone, think that glossopharyngeal nerve provides motor, parasymp, and sensory info to mouth and throat, and HYOID is bone of throat

What muscle does Brachial (Pharyngeal) Arch 3 lead to?

Stylopharyngeus

NOTE: remember this is an EXCEPTION; its the ONLY muscle of the pharynx innervated by 9 (others by 10 - Vagus)

What 2 skeletal structures does Brachial (Pharyngeal) Arch 4 lead to?

1) Thyroid Cartilage

2) Cricoid cartilage

NOTE: Think the two major cartilages (we talked in phys di) of the throat are "superior" to the others, so done by #4 and superior laryngeal of Vagus (X)

What 3 muscles does Brachial (Pharyngeal) Arch 4 lead to?

1) Pharyngeal

2) Cricothyroid

3) Levator palatine

NOTE: All the pharyngeal (EXCEPT stylopharyngeus which is IX & #3; cricothyroid matches the cartilage, than remember elevate (levator) would be going superior/high so its superior laryngeal of Vagus (X); also remember pharynx is above the larynx so this is PHARYNX (#4)

What 3 skeletal structures does Brachial (Pharyngeal) Arch 6 lead to?

1) Arytenoid cartilage

2) Corniculate cartilage

3) Cuneiform cartilage

NOTE: these are the smaller, (not talked about in phys di for head/neck exam) and more "inferior" cartilages, so controlled by inferior laryngeal of Vagus (X; recurrent) and #6

What muscles does Brachial (Pharyngeal) Arch 6 lead to?

Laryngeal

NOTE: Larynx is below the pharynx, so makes sense this is #6 while pharynx is #4 (and why its inferior laryngeal of Vagus (recurrent))

What is the general dermatome for C1?

NONE

What is the general dermatome for C2?

Back of scalp

(lower jaw & back of head)

NOTE: Pair C2-3

What is the general dermatome for C3?

Nape of neck

(upper neck & back of head)

NOTE: Pair C2-3

What is the general dermatome for C4? C5?

Shoulders

(lower neck & upper shoulders)

What is the general dermatome for C5?

Lateral surface of arm

(collarbones, upper shoulders)

What is the general dermatome for C6?

Lateral digits

(shoulders, outside arm, thumb)

NOTE: Pair C6-8

What is the general dermatome for C7?

Middle digit

(Upper back, back of arm, pointer/middle fingers)

NOTE: Pair C6-8

What is the general dermatome for C8?

Medial digits (4 & 5)

(Upper back, inside arm, ring/little finger)

NOTE: Pair C6-8

What is the general dermatome for T1?

Elbow medial

(upper chest, back, armpit, front of arm)

What is the general dermatome for T2?

Axilla

(upper chest/back)

What is the general dermatome for T3?

Stripe above nipple

(upper chest/back)

NOTE: Pair T3-5

What is the general dermatome for T4?

Nipples

(upper chest at area of nipples and back)

NOTE: Pair T3-5

What is the general dermatome for T5?

Just below nipples

(mid-chest & back)

NOTE: Pair T3-5

What is the general dermatome for T6?

Just above Xiphiod

(mid-chest & back)

NOTE: Pair T6-8

What is the general dermatome for T7?

Xiphoid

(mid-chest & back)

NOTE: Pair T6-8

What is the general dermatome for T8?

Just below Xiphoid

(upper abdomen/mid-back)

NOTE: Pair T6-8

What is the general dermatome for T9?

Just above umbilicus

(Upper abdomen & mid-back)

NOTE: Pair T9-11

What is the general dermatome for T10?

Umbillicus

(abdomen (belly buttom) and mid-back)

NOTE: Pair T9-11

What is the general dermatome for T11?

Just below umbillicus

(abdomen/mid-back)

NOTE: Pair T9-11

What is the general dermatome for T12?

Just above inguinal ligament

(lower abdomen/mid-back)

What is the general dermatome for L1?

Inguinal ligament

Upper part of thigh

(lower back, hips, groin)

What is the general dermatome for L2?

Mid thigh

(lower back, front/inside thigh)

What is the general dermatome for L3?

Knee

(lower back, front/inside of thigh)

NOTE: Pair L3-5

What is the general dermatome for L4?

Medial knee to floor

(lower back, front of thigh/calf, area of knee, inside ankles)

What is the general dermatome for L5?

Lateral knee

Side of leg

Top of foot

(lower back, front/outside calf, top/bottom of foot, first 4 toes)

What is the general dermatome for S1?

Bottom of foot

Lateral foot/ankle

Posterior Calf

(lower back, back of thigh, back/inside calf, last toe)

What is the general dermatome for S2?

Posterior Thigh

(buttocks, genitals, back of thigh/calf)

What is the general dermatome for S3?

Close to anus

(buttocks, genitals)

What is the general dermatome for S4?

Perianal region

(buttocks)

What is the general dermatome for S5?

NONE

(buttocks)

What is the general dermatome for coccygeal nerve?

Buttocks/area of tailbone

What cells are the "glue", giving rise to astrocytes and oligodendrocytes?

Glioblasts

What cells are the most numerous cells of the CNS, acting like connective tissue, part of the BBB, and form "scar-like" tissue in injury? What cell is this made from?

(Common NBQ)

Astrocytes

Made from glioblasts

What cell are quite numerous, but not the most, and form Myelin around the CNS? What cell is this made from?

(Common NBQ)

Oligodendrocytes

Made from glioblasts

What cell lines the CNS, is ciliated, and makes a "leaky" barrier between the CSF & CNS?

Ependymal cells

What cell is not very prevalent, but are phagocytes (macrophages)?

(Common NBQ)

Microglia (Gitterzellen)

What cells make neurons?

(Common NBQ)

Neuroblast

What are neurons within the CNS that act as connectors?

Internuncial

What type of internuncial neurons are between two hemispheres? Different parts of the same hemisphere? from lower centers to the cerebral cortex?

(Common NBQ)

Commissural

Association

Projection

What makes up the CNS?

Brain & Spinal cord

What are the MC neurons in the CNS?

Multipolar

What are cell bodes and dendrites in the CNS?

Gray matter

What are myelinated axons in the CNS?

White matter

What are the 2 types of Macroglia in the CNS?

1) Astrocytes

2) Oligodendrocytes

What is the function of Astrocytes?

BBB = Blood Brain Barrier

(active transport for glucose & filters)

What is the function of Oligodendrocytes?

Myelin

(myelinate axons in CNS)

What are the direct extension of the spinal cord?

(Common NBQ)

Ventricles

What are the 3 primary vesicles of the brain?

1) Prosencephalon

2) Mesencephalon

3) Rhombencephalon

What are the 5 secondary vesicles of the brain?

1) Telencephalon

2) Diencephalon

3) Mesencephalon

4) Metencephalon

5) Myelencephalon

What secondary vesicles forms from the Prosencephalon?

1) Telencephalon

2) Diencephalon

What secondary vesicle forms from the Mesencephalon?

Mesencephalon

What secondary vesicle forms from the Rhombencephalon?

1) Metencephalon

2) Myelencephalon

What structures form from the Diencephalon (Prosencephalon)?

1) Thalamus

2) Hypothalamus

3) Pineal

4) Retina

5) Mammillary Body

6) Post. Pituitary

NOTE: think without these structures you would "die", not just higher functioning additional things

What structures form from the Telencephalon (Prosencephalon)?

Forebrain (higher functions)

NOTE: Tele like TV --> its higher technology & function, but not necessary for life; TV (Tele) is in our forebrain