Li1 Phonology and Morphology

[+labial]

indicates that a sound is produced using the lips

[+coronal]

Indicates that a sound is produced with the tip and/or blade of the tongue, making contact with the upper lip, teeth, alveolar ridge, or palate

[+ant]

Indicates that a sound is produced at or in front of the alveolar ridge

[+dorsal]

Indicates that a sound is by raising the dorsum (top surface) of the tongue. All vowels are dorsal, but only some consonants

[+ATR]

Indicates a sound where the tongue root is advanced, meaning the base of the tongue moves forward during articulation

[+voice]

Indicates that a sound is voiced (vibration of the vocal folds)

[+cont]

Indicates that a speech sound is produced with a continuous airflow through the vocal tract (fricatives, liquids and nasals)

[+strident]

indicates that a sound is produced with a complex constriction, causing the air to strike two surfaces, resulting in high-intensity, high-frequency fricative noise (some sibilant fricatives and affricates)

[+lateral]

indicates that a sound is produced with the airflow passing along the sides of the tongue, rather than through the middle

[+nasal]

indicates that a sound is produced with the velum lowered, allowing airflow through the nose

σ meaning (in rule notation)

Syllable boundary

# meaning (in rule notation)

Word boundary

Feeding

When the existence of one rule creates th environment for another rule to apply

Bleeding

When the existence of one rule prevents another rule from being able to apply

Counterfeeding

When the existence of one rule could have created an environment for another rule to apply, but because this rule applied second, the change does not happen

Counterbleeding

When the existence of one rule could have prevented another rule from applying, but because this rule applied second, the block does not happen

Sonority Sequencing Principle

Languages appear to strongly appear for syllables to rise in sonority towards the peak (nucleus)

Analytic language

Languages without any derivational or inflectional morphology

Synthetic langauge

Languages that form words by affixing a given number of dependent morphemes to a root morpheme

Concatenative language

Languages that form words by linearly stringing together morphemes

Templatic language

A language which forms words through a template, in which roots are accompanied by a sequence of slots on fixed positions

Agglutinative language

A language which forms words with morphemes that each represent only one grammatical meaning, and the boundary between morphemes are easily demarcated. Morphology is highly regular, and there is a high morpheme-to-word ratio

Fusional language

A single affix may combine several functions

Polysynthetic language

A language with a very high morpheme-to-word ratio, with words that are often equivalent to whole sentences in other languages

Saturative affixation

Saturating a whole verb particle complex with the affixation. E.g., saturative agent marking (‘picker upper’), Saturative past tense marking (‘blew dried’), saturative possessive marking (‘your guys’)

Infix

An affix that is inserted inside of a lexeme

Endocentric

There is a clear internal head, determining the core meaning

Bracketing paradox

When there is a morphological/phonological and semantic mismatch between the representation of a structure