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Who first used the word 'psychology' and in which year?
Rudolf Gockle first used the word 'psychology' in 1590.
What is the Greek origin of the word 'psychology'?
It comes from 'psyche' (mind) and 'logos' (study).
Define psychology.
Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.
What are the goals of psychology as a science?
To describe, explain, predict, and control behavior.
Who is Rene Descartes and what was his belief about knowledge?
A philosopher who believed true knowledge comes from reasoning and that people are born with some inborn knowledge and abilities.
What is John Locke's view on the mind at birth?
He believed the mind is a blank slate at birth and we learn everything through experience.
What did Hermann Helmholtz emphasize in psychology?
He believed everything can be understood through basic physical and chemical principles.
What did Gustav Fechner study?
He studied the relationship between the physical world and our conscious perceptions.
Who established the first psychology laboratory, and when?
Wilhelm Wundt established the first psychology laboratory in 1879 at the University of Leipzig.
What was the focus of Wilhelm Wundt's work?
The study of human consciousness and internal mental processes using experimental methods.
What is the myth of Psyche used to represent?
It is used as a visual representation of the word 'psychology'.
What is a hypothesis in scientific research?
A tentative explanation for a phenomenon that is tested through observations or experiments.
Define a scientific theory.
A broad explanation for some aspect of the natural world that is consistently supported by evidence over time.
What encompasses the scientific method?
Researcher tests hypotheses and publishes results to allow for verification by others.
What is empirical research in psychology?
It relies on observation, experimentation, and evidence instead of logical arguments or past authorities.
What was René Descartes' idea regarding the mind and body?
He introduced the idea that the mind and body are separate but interact with each other.
Explain the nature vs. nurture debate.
It is about whether our traits are determined by genetics (nature) or environment (nurture).
What does 'Anything physiological is psychological' signify?
It highlights the interconnectedness of the body and mind.
List the steps of the scientific method in psychology.
Observation 2. Define the problem 3. Propose a hypothesis 4. Gather evidence 5. Keep hypothesis or build a theory 6. Publish results 7. Build a theory.
What is meant by operational definitions in psychology?
Defining concepts in terms of how they can be measured or produced.
What is a convenience sample?
A sample that is used for research that is convenient to the researcher.
What is a random sample?
Each participant has an equal chance of being selected for a study.
What is experimenter bias?
When the researcherâs expectations influence the results of the study.
What type of research design involves observing behavior in a natural setting?
Naturalistic observation.
What are the components of a true experiment?
Independent Variable (IV) 2. Dependent Variable (DV) 3. Control group 4. Experimental group.
What is the independent variable in a true experiment?
The variable that is manipulated by the experimenter.
Define dependent variable.
The variable that is measured or observed in an experiment.
What is an extraneous variable?
Variables that could affect the results and need to be minimized.
What are ethical considerations in research?
Standards of conduct that describe what behavior can and cannot be engaged in.
What is informed consent?
Participants must be informed of the potential risks before participating in research.
What does confidentiality refer to in psychological research?
Participantsâ information must be kept confidential.
Define debriefing in the context of psychology research.
Participants must be informed about the nature of the research after it is completed.
What is the mean in descriptive statistics?
The average score of a data set.
What is the median in a data set?
The middle score of a data set when arranged in order.
What does standard deviation measure?
It indicates how spread out the scores are in a data set.
What is cognitive psychology focused on?
It studies how people think, learn, and remember.
Define humanistic psychology.
It focuses on individual choice and helping people reach their full potential.
What does behaviorism study?
It focuses on observable behavior and how it is learned.
What is structuralism?
It tries to break down mental processes into their basic elements.
What is functionalism in psychology?
It studies the purpose of mental processes and behavior.
What does the Gestalt school of psychology emphasize?
It believes our minds perceive the world as a whole, not just as separate parts.
What is the principle of proximity in Gestalt psychology?
Objects close together are grouped together.
Explain operant conditioning.
Learning to associate a behavior with its consequences.
What is the primary focus of the psychoanalytic school of psychology?
It studies the unconscious mind and its influence on behavior.
What are Freud's three parts of the mind?
Id, Ego, and Superego.
Describe the Id according to Freud.
The primitive part driven by pleasure, seeking immediate gratification.
What defines the Ego in Freud's theory?
The rational part that deals with reality, balancing the Idâs desires with real-world demands.
Define Superego in Freud's personality structure.
The moral part that represents conscience and societal standards.
What is the unconscious according to Freud?
Thoughts, feelings, and memories that are repressed and inaccessible under normal circumstances.
What is Freud's psychosexual theory?
It posits that personality develops through stages, each centered on an erogenous zone.
How does Freud describe the process of dream analysis?
Dreams are seen as the âroyal road to the unconsciousâ providing insight into repressed desires.
What are projected tests?
They use ambiguous stimuli to elicit unconscious thoughts and feelings.
Who is Alfred Adler?
He emphasized the importance of social interest and striving for goals in personality.
What is Carl Jung known for in psychology?
He focused on the unconscious mind and its influence on personality.
Identify the main goal of cognitive psychology.
To explore internal mental states including perception, memory, attention, and decision-making.
What is biopsychology?
A branch of psychology that studies the influence of biological factors on thoughts and behavior.
What do health psychologists focus on?
The interplay between psychology, behavior, and physical health.
Name a key concern of humanistic psychology.
Helping individuals achieve self-actualization and fulfillment.
What is Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
A theory that people are motivated by a series of needs, starting with basic ones and culminating in self-actualization.
What distinguishes clinical psychology?
It focuses on the assessment and treatment of mental illnesses and disorders.
What does social psychology investigate?
How individuals think, feel, and behave in social contexts.
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