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What is a "back-up" reinforcer?

Items that tokens are exchanged for

What best describes "match to sample"?

Matching an item to an identical one

What are the functions of behavior?

Attention, Tangible, Escape, Automatic Reinforcement

What needs to take place when there is accurate information about the behaviors that occur in crisis situations?

A functional behavior assessment

Who needs a crisis plan?

Individuals who engage in self-injurious or aggressive behavior

What is a FBA?

Functional Behavior Assessment

During the FBA it is observed that the person you support engages in a behavior frequently and often when they are alone. This behavior is probably for

Automatic reinforcement

If you have an individual who engages in escape behaviors you should:

Tailor antecedent interventions to the person you support based on data from the FBA.

A crisis plan includes which sections?

Antecedent Interventions, Escalation, Crisis, Post Crisis

Crisis is defined as

Behaviors that risk harm to self, others, or the environment.

What three (3) things should be included in the Client section of the crisis plan?

Name of the individual, date of birth, and date the plan was created.

When punishment is used, it should be paired with which procedure?

Reinforcement of replacement behaviors

Which evidence based practices in ABA could help someone learn to communicate their wants and needs?

Functional Communication Training

What does the term "least intrusive" mean as it relates to behavior change plans?

Behavior change plans that place the least amount of risk or discomfort.

One of the main drawbacks to extinction is that:

It does not teach a replacement behavior.

After a crisis has occurred, the person you support should engage in:

Pre-crisis tasks and activities

Physical interventions should be applied after what?

After less restrictive interventions have proved ineffective.

Differential Reinforcement is a procedure combining what two procedures?

Reinforcement and extinction

An FBA is performed to:

Hypothesize function of the behavior.

If an intrusive intervention such as punishment or physical intervention must be used, it is important to:

Make sure the client and data are monitored for unintended side effects and the rate of progress.

You need to help Maria, a 15-year-old girl learning to put on deodorant independently. Which environment would you choose to teach this skill in order to preserve her dignity?

In a private bathroom where you can prompt her through each step appropriately.

Under what circumstances is it all right not to take data immediately after a behavior occurs:

When the demands of the intervention or the behavior of the person precludes taking data immediately

What was a major problem after the de-institutionalization movement of the 1970s?

Many of those who resided in institutions became homeless and also were processed through the justice system.

True or False: If there is consensual sexual activity between an employee and an individual with IDD, then it is not considered sexual abuse.

False

What is a trigger?

Something that easily sets you off and causes an immediate, often emotional, reaction.

What is a risk factor for abuse and neglect that is common for people with IDD?

Increased dependency on others for long-term care.

True or False: Allegations that go unreported are just as serious as the actual abuse or neglect.

True

Who is the first person you should report allegations of abuse and neglect to?

Your agency's designated investigator

The 4 basic conditions set up in a functional analysis are:

Alone, attention, demand, and tangible

What is an interobserver agreement (IOA)?

When 2 data collectors agree on data collected at the same time during a behavior

Reinforcing behaviors that are incompatible with hitting would fall under which component of a behavior intervention plan?

Consequence strategies

Behavior intervention plans that work:

Reduce problem behavior and increase desirable behavior

Consequence interventions involve:

Reinforcing desired behaviors and reducing the display of undesirable behavior

What is the estimated percentage of self-injurious behaviors that have automatic reinforcement as the function according to Hagopian et al. (2015)?

25%

Placing a soft object near a person's fist to block a hit is a:

Consequence strategy

What are the three types of behavior intervention strategies?

Antecedent Interventions, Replacement Behaviors and Consequence Interventions

What schedule of reinforcement is the most resistant to extinction?

the variable ratio (intermittent) schedule

True or false: Extinction works well in isolation.

False

When are extinction procedures not possible?

If the person engaging in the behavior can gain the reinforce for the behavior some of the time or if it's being intermittently reinforced

Describe extinction bursts.

Soon after extinction behaviors have been put in place, the behavior may actually worsen or increase

They produced variability and increased intensity in behavior and often bring out anger and aggression b/c what you were expecting to receive or avoid did not occur as had in the past.

What should you do if an extinction burst poses danger or harm to others or the individual?

Resort to something other than extinction like antecedent and reinforcement interventions

Extinction is most effective when paired with what?

antecedent and reinforcement interventions

What are the benefits of using reinforcement as a behavior reduction procedure?

doesn't have the aversion side effects of punishment and extinction behaviors

What should be used first: reinforcement behaviors or extinction and punishment?

reinforcement behaviors

What is differential reinforcement?

reinforcing a desired behavior while discontinuing the reinforcement for an undesired behavior.

What is the most widely known and effective technique to reduce problem behavior?

Differential reinforcement behaviors

What is DRA?

Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behavior:

place problem behavior on extinction while reinforcing more appropriate-alternative

What is DRI?

Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible behavior: teaches behavior that is functionally equivalent to the problem behavior

What is DRO

Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior:

Reinforcing the absence of a problem behavior over interval periods

What's over-correction?

behavior reduction procedure in which contingent on the target behavior the individual must engage in a tedious task directly related to the problem

Which characteristic of autism involves difficulty in responding to others in an appropriate way?

Deficits in social/emotional reciprocity

Why are shorter verbal messages better for many individuals with autism?

Because they may have difficulty processing verbal language

Why is frequent assessment important when implementing an intervention plan?

To make adjustments as necessary

Which two global factors set the stage for problem behavior in those with autism?

Lack of social skills and the expectations of the social world

What is an example of deficits in nonverbal communication?

Not understanding facial expressions

True or False:

Least-restrictive procedures are usually the first choice of intervention.

False

What is an example of a mass trials?

Touch head, touch head, touch head, touch head

What is an example of a clearly written criteria for mastery?

9 out of 10 times for 3 consecutive sessions

When larger skills are broken down into teachable steps, this is called:

task analysis

Beverly will touch a requested item is an example of:

target response

Which of the following data collection methods involves recording the results of each trial presented?

trial by trial

Generalization of skills is achieved when:

The learner uses the skill taught in DTI in the natural environment.

Naturalistic techniques are used to help learners generalize skills and for learners who:

Might initially resist more structured settings.

If you witness and abusive situation that is dangerous or life-threatening, what should you do?

Take immediate action to remove anyone in the area from harm and call 911

What is a mandatory reporter?

Any individual who is required by law to report any suspected abuse or allegations of abuse

A 2009 study found that what percentage of family caregivers for older adults with cognitive disabilities and dementia reported abusing their family member?

30%

Why are naturalistic teaching strategies a good way to teach joint attention?

Natural Environments are a great way to engage learners with novel and reinforcing stimuli.

Why would a naturalistic approach be effective as the first ABA-based approach for some learners?

Some learners find structured approach aversive so ABA may need to begin within within a natural context

Which approach uses a combination of other naturalistic strategies?

Milieu Teaching

The Early Start Denver Model (EDSM) places a large emphasis on:

Developmental trajectories for intervention Feedback

Which naturalistic technique places a heavy emphasis on teaching verbal operants such as mands, tacts, and intraverbals?

Natural environment teaching

One of the main language targets that Milieu teaching addresses is:

Mean length of utterance (MLU)

The Early Start Denver Model (EDSM) utilizes which feature in order to track progress of learners during the course of intervention?

Curriculum checklist

What needs to be included as part of data collection for a naturalistic teaching session?

Prompt levels needed to elicit the target behavior

Fixed interval schedules often result in:

An increased rate of responding at the end of the interval

A concurrent schedule of reinforcement is operating when?

When 2 schedules of reinforcement are simultaneously available.

What is the best way to prevent ratio strain?

To thin reinforcement gradually.

A limited hold is sometimes added to interval reinforcement in order to:

Speed up the display of the target behavior.

The Matching Law states:

When given a choice between reinforcers, an individual will engage in the behavior that yields the more valuable reinforcer.

Why are intermittent reinforcement schedules used?

To maintain previously acquired behaviors

Fixed ratio schedules produce what kind of rate of behavior?

Produce high and steady rates of behavior

Differential reinforcement of high rates (DRH) of behavior are used to:

Decrease the time from the display of one behavior to the next

What is ratio strain?

The disruption in the display of the behavior when reinforcement is thinned too quickly

Differential reinforcement of low rates (DRL) of behavior is used to:

Increase the amount of time between the display of one behavior to the next

What types of graphs are most preferred in the field of ABA?

Line graphs

Phase change lines indicate:

the division between one condition and another.

A disadvantage of bar graphs is:

The variability of data can be lost

What is a drawback of probe data?

It is less accurate.

What data recording procedures is best used for behaviors that have a clear ending and beginning, do not occur throughout an interval, but still occur at high rates?

Partial Interval

Data collected during naturalistic teaching should always include information about:

Target behaviors, prompt levels needed, and activities.

Why are trends sometimes necessary to include on line graphs?

Data paths are not always clear.

Visual inspection is:

Making a judgement about the effects of an intervention by examining graphed data.

Cumulative graphs are used:

When progress toward a predetermined number of behaviors should be demonstrated.

The purpose of modeling in behavioral skills training (BST) is to :

Show how to implement a procedure.

What is the BST?

behavioral skill training

What is a component of BST that determines the most impact on which way intervention was delivered?

Feedback

What are 3 reasons to ask questions?

To start a conversation, to obtain information, and to show interest in another's ideas.

What are some of the logistical issues families face when they decide to enroll in ABA therapy for their child?

Securing payment, transportation, and preparing the home for intervention.

Practicing nonjudgment means:

Regardless of circumstances, always assume that families are trying their best.

True or False:

Families should always have some role in ABA intervention.

True