World History IPC Test 2

1973: Yom Kippur War

-Golda Meir (Israel), Hafez al Assad (Syria) & Anwar Sadat (Egypt)

-Egypt and Syria attack Israel on Yom Kippur because everyone would be distracted and celebrating

-Attacked primarily to regain territories they had lost in the Six-Day War of 1967

-Surprise attack

-Israel was able to win with the help of the US

-OPEC: organization of petroleum exporting countries, which is an oil producing company in the middle east

-To punish US for aiding Israel in the war, the OPEC hits U.S. with oil embargo

-This was at a time when the U.S. imported a good deal of oil from the Middle East

-Caused an oil and gas shortage

-It caused oil prices to shoot through the roof

1974: UN recognition of PLO

-Yasser Arafat gave speech at the UN gaining formal recognition by the international community that the Palestinians had a right as a people to statehood, a right not yet achieved

-UN recognized that the Palestinians had a problem, and recognized that Yasser Arafat was the leader of the Palestinians and the leader of the PLO

-Palestinian cause: fighting Israel and trying to achieve statehood for the Palestinian people. The PLO also engaged in many terrorist attacks against Israelis

-Israel was upset by this because the PLO is a terrorist group to them, and Arafat was their #1 enemy

1977-1979: Camp David Peace Accords

-Signed between Egypt and Israel on the White House lawn in 1979.

-Anwar Sadat of Egypt, President Jimmy Carter, and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin

-Israel would get a peace treaty with Egypt and a secure southern border (no more fighting on border)

-Egypt would officially recognize Israel's right to exist

-In return Israel would give back the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt, which it had captured from Egypt in the 1967 Six Day War.

-U.S. pledged to give foreign aid to the tune of billions of dollars each year to both countries. To this day Egypt

and Israel are the two biggest recipients of U.S. foreign aid.

-To this day the two countries are still committed to a peace treaty they signed forty-seven years ago

1981: Anwar Sadat assassinated

-During a military parade in Cairo, Egypt marking the 8th anniversary of Egypt's "success" in the Yom Kippur War, four soldiers in the Egyptian military jumped out of their trucks as they were passing and assassinated Sadat and others

-Offshoot of the radical group Muslim Brotherhood, Egyptian Islamic Jihad, carried out the attack

-Attack was motivated by revenge by a radical group that didn't want peace with Israel

-also motivated by the desire to get rid of Sadat, who was a secular leader, in the hope that his assassination would usher in an Islamist revolution that would turn Egypt into a theocratic state based on Islam

-Sadat's Vice President, Hosni Mubarak, came to power

1982: Israel invades Lebanon. Massacre in the Sabra and Shatila Palestinian refugee camps.

-Israeli ambassador, Shlomo Argov, gunned down and wounded by Palestinian terrorist group Abu Nidal (sparked the invasion)

-The decision was made to go after the PLO and crush it

-Israel had a deal with Bashir where they would help him get elected and he would drive out the PLO

-3 weeks after Bashir was elected President, he was assassinated

-The Christian Phalangists, who loved Bashir, wanted revenge. They massacred and killed 700 Palestinians in Sabra and Shatila refugee camps.

-The IDF was secretly allowed the Phalangists to enter the refugee camps and helped them carry out their plan. The IDF was responsible for it

-The IDF allowed the Phalangists toenter the camps on the evening of September 16, 1982, and stood by for the next twodays as scores of Palestinians were murdered. Israeli soldiers perched on rooftopsnearby were even ordered by their superior officers to shoot flares off over the campsat night to light things up so that the Phalangists could carry out their deadly plan

-Under a UN mission, US and French troops entered Lebanon to uphold a cease fire and to see to the orderly removal of the PLO from Lebanon. Hezbollah placed a truck laden with explosives and had it crash through a U.S. marine checkpoint, crashing into the barracks where many American and French soldiers were still sleeping and blew up.

-Killed 241 U.S.marines and 58 French military personnel.

-For the U.S., it was the largest single loss ofU.S. marines in a single day since Iwo Jima.

1987: The 1st Intifada

-Means uprising in Arabic

-Israel army jeep collided with and killed 4 Palestinians, 3 of whom were from the Jabalia refugee camp, at a gaza checkpoint. Palestinians began to protest and many were shot at killed.

-This violence lasted 6 years

-Several hundred Israelis killed and 1,000 Palestinians killed

-1987- Hamas was founded in the Gaza strip

-Lasted from 1987-Madrid conference

-The catalyst for the uprising was the encounterbetween Israeli soldiers and Palestinian protesters at the Gaza-Israeli border. ButPalestinian anger and frustration had been simmering for many years. After all, thePalestinians had been under Israeli occupation for twenty years (1967-87), and they had had enough.

-During this, Hamas was founded in the Gaza Strip

-Violent but also featuring a Palestinian economic boycott of Israel

1991: Madrid Conference

-Movement toward solution to the I-P-C began to take shape

1993: Oslo Peace Accords

-Historic attempt to bring an end to the violence between Israelis and the Palestinians

-Yitzhak Rabin (israel prime minister) Yasser arafat (palestinian leader), president Bill Clinton

-2-state-solution: Israel and Palestine living next to each other in peace. Palestinians would end the Intifada against Israel, renounce terrorism, recognize the state of Israel, and Israel would cede control of Gaza and some of the West Bank.

-Yitzhak Rabin (israel prime minister) Shimon peres (israeli foreign minister) and Yasser arafat (palestinian leader) gained the 1994 Nobel Peace Prize for their efforts

-FAILED: both sides undermined trust: terrorist attacks in Israel continued and Israel made more settlements in the West Bank.

1994: Peace treaty signed between Israel and Jordan

-Normalized relations between the two countries. It included agreements on borders, water sharing, and freedom of access to religious sites.

1995: Israel prime minister Yitzhak Rabin assassinated by Yagil Amir

-1995

-Shot and killed

-27-year old right wing Israeli law student who believed Rabin’s signing of the Oslo Accords with the Palestinians would bring about the end of Israel

-By killing Rabin, the assassin reasoned, theOslo Peace Accords would fail. Unfortunately, he was proved right.

-After Rabin’s death there was an uptick in Palestinian terror attacks on Israel

September 2000: The 2nd Intifada

-Blew away any real chance of an end to the Israeli Palestinian conflict

-The second intifada was much more violent than the first

-Erupted just as the most serious negotiations for a final status agreement between Israel and the Palestinians were being pursued.

Bashir Gemayel

-Bashir was on the Christian side of the Muslim-Christian civil

war in Lebanon

-Israelis saw him as a potential ally in their plans for Lebanon

-His Christian Phalangists were the most powerful political party/militia on the Christian side of the equation and the Israelis identified him as someone they could work with.

-Deal: the Israelis would support Bashir in Lebanon's 1982 presidential election so that he would become president of Lebanon. Once Bashir became president of Lebanon he would work with the Israelis to crush the PLO, drive out the Syrians, end Lebanon's civil war, and sign a peace treaty with Israel.

OPEC

-Organization of petroleum exporting countries

-Composed of a group of oil producing countries, most of which are in the Middle East

-Petroleum: basis for for the fuels we use: gas, oil and such.

-Petroleum is also the basis for all of the plastics we use

Hamas

-In the Gaza Strip

-Palestinian Islamist Party

-Founded in the Gaza Strip during the 1st Intifada

Hezbollah

-Based in Lebanon

-Created in the civil war in response to Israeli's invasion to Lebanon

-Islam extremist group

-Backed by Iran and Syria, two countries that are enemies of Israel and adversaries of the U.S.

-Still around today

-"Party of God"

-1982

-Under a UN mission, the US and french enter Lebanon to do a ceasefire and remove the PLO. But a truck with explosives killed 241 US and 58 French people. This was carried out by a group called Hezbollah, an Islamic extremist group that was created in the civil war in response to Israeli's invasion to Lebanon.

Yasser Arafat

-Leader of the PLO

Anwar Sadat

-Egyptian leader

-Assassinated by Muslim Brotherhood offshoot, Egyptian Islamic Jihad

Lebanon and its diversity

-It had a lot of diverse religions and cultures, but the French (french mandate) wanted to make sure that multiple religions wouldn't cause any outbreaks

-When the PLO fled to Lebanon in 1970, they thought it was a good idea because Lebanon was already home to many Palestinian refugees

-But, it began to destabilize the country and ultimately cause the Lebanon civil war

-Causes: the sectarian divisions within Lebanese society, the Palestine-Israel conflict