PHA615 LAB: Classification Tests for CARBOXYLIC ACIDS & THEIR DERIVATIVES

warming effect

All acid derivatives yield the parent carboxylic acid (reaction produces _)

Ester & amide

_, being less reactive, were hydrolyzed using

strong acid or base (HCl, NaOH) with the aid of heat

Alcoholysis

Esterification of carboxylic acid and alcohol using H2SO4 as catalyst

Alcoholysis

(+ EtOH; Schotten-Baumann Reaction)

Alcoholysis

Yields ester (characterized by fruity/ plastic balloon-like odor

without layers formed)

Aminolysis

+ Aniline; Anilide formation)

Aminolysis

• Conversion of aromatic amine (aniline) to aromatic amide (anilide)

• Aniline serves as the nucleophile (e- donor)

• (+) White ppt/ crystals (Yellowish due to impurities)

Hydroxamic acid Test

Rgts: NH2OH∙HCl [alc hydroxylamine], KOH, FeCl3

Hydroxamic acid Test

Preliminary test is necessary to prevent false positive result

Hydroxamic acid Test

Ester or amide, when reacted with hydroxylamine, forms hyroxamic acid which then reacts with FeCl3

Hydroxamic acid Test

• (+) Burgundy/ red colored soln

Ammonia

is a gas with a very strong foul odor and has basic

properties, hence the litmus test confirms the evolution of gas:

• Red litmus → blue

• Blue litmus → blue

alcoholysis

Both acetic chloride and acetic anhydride will test positive for _ — formation of 2 layers.

aminolysis

Both acetic chloride and acetic anhydride upon reacting with aniline (an amine) will test positive for _— formation of white ppt.

preliminary test

is performed to check if sufficient enol was formed

which is needed to form the colored complex with FeCl3 (+ result).

Amides

_ will give a bluish red complex.