Anatomy and Physiology- Ch.3 Cells and Tissues

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4 concepts of the cell theory

1. a cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms

2. the activity of the organism depends on the collective activity of its cells

3. according to the principle of complimentary, the activity of the cells are dictated by their structure (anatomy), which determines function (physiology)

4. continuity of life has a cellular basis

fibroblast function

connect body parts

structure of fibroblast

• elongated shape

• abundant rough ER and large Golgi bodies to make and secrete proteins

illustration of fibroblast

epithelial cell’s function

covers and lines body organs

structure of the epithelial cell

• hexagonal/honeycomb shape

  • allows cells to pack together into sheets

• abundant intermediate filaments and desmosomes that resist tearing when epithelium is rubbed or pulled

illustration of epithelial cell

Skeletal muscle cell functions

cells that move body organs and body parts

skeletal muscle cells structure

• elongated cells filled f/ abundant contractile filaments

  • so they can shorten forcefully and move the bones, pump blood, or change the size of internal organs to move substances around the body

illustration of skeletal muscle cell

fat cell functions

cells that store nutrients

structure of fat cell

huge spherical shape of a fat cell is produced by a large lipid droplet in its cytoplasm

illustration of fat cell

function of white blood cell

cells that fight disease

structure of white blood cells

• extends long pseudopods (“false feet”) to crawl through tissue to reach infection sites

• the many lysosomes within the cell digest the infectious micro-organism micro-organisms (such as bacteria) that it eats

illustration of white blood cell

list the 4 primary tissue types that for the fabric of the body. include the single term to describe the tissues overall role

1. epithelial - covering

2. connective - supportive

3. nervous - control

4. muscle - movement

list the 4 characteristics of epithelium

1. covers and lines body surface

2. regens easily if well nourished

3. often form sheets w/ one free surface, the apical surface, and an anchored surface, the basement membrane

4. avascular (no blood supply)

what are the 6 types of epithelial tissue

1. simple squamous

2. simple cuboidal

3. simple columnar

4. pseudostratified ciliated columnar

5. transitional

6. stratified squamous

illustration of simple squamous

illustration of simple cuboidal

illustration of simple columnar

illustration of pseudostratified ciliated columnar

illustration of transitional

stratified squamous

describe structure: arrangement of cells
Simple Squamous

• single layer of flat cells

function of simple squamous

diffusion, filtration, or secretion in. membrane

location of simple squamous

• usually forms membranes

• lines air sacs of lungs

• forms walls of capillaries

• forms serous membrane (serosae) that line and cover organs in ventral cavity

describe structure: arrangement of cells

Simple Cuboidal

single layer of cube-like cells

function of simple cuboidal

Secretion and absorption; ciliated types

propel mucus or reproductive cells

location of simple cuboidal

• common in glands and their ducts

• forms walls of kidney tubules

• covers surface of ovaries to the exterior

describe structure: arrangement of cells
simple columnar

single layer of tall cells

function of simple squamous

Secretion and absorption; ciliated types

propel mucus or reproductive cells

location of simple columnar

• lining of digestive track from stomach to anus

• mucous membrane (mucosae) line body cavities opening to the exterior

describe structure: arrangement of cells
pseudostratified columnar

• singe layer, but some cells are shorter than others, giving a false (pseudo) impression of stratification. all rest on a basement membrane

function of pseudostratified columnar

absorption or secretion

location of pseudostratified columnar

respiratory tract, where it is ciliated and known as pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

describe the structure: arrangement of cells

stratified squamous

• most common stratified epithelium

• named for cells present at the free (apical) surface, which are squamous

function of stratified squamous

protective covering where friction is common

location of stratified squamous

lining of the:

• skin (outer portion)

• mouth

• esophagus

describe the structure: arrangement of cells
transitional

• composed of modified stratified epithelium

• shape of cells depend on the amount of stretching

function of transitional

stretching and the ability to return back to normal

location of transitional

lining of urinary organs

define gland

one or more cells responsible for secreting a particular product

define secretion

contains protein molecules in an aqueous (water-based) fluid

what is the difference between an exocrine gland an an endocrine gland? provide an example of each type of gland

endocrine gland

• ductless; secretions (hormones) diffuse into blood vessels

exocrine gland

• secretes through ducts to the epithelial surface

  • includes sweat and oil glands, liver, and pancreas (both internal and external)

list the 3 functions of connective tissue

1. protection

2. support

3. bind

list the 2 unique characteristics of connective

1. varied cell types

2. variation in blood supply (some tissue types are well vascularized, poor blood supplied, or avascular)

explain extracellular matrix. what are the 2 main elements?

nonliving material that surrounds living cells

1. ground substance - mostly water, along with adhesion proteins and polysaccharides molecules

2. fibers

• Collagen (white) fibers

• Elastic (yellow) fibers

• Reticular fibers (a type of collagen)

describe the connective tissues

• collagen fibers

• elastic fibers

• reticular fibers

• collagen fibers (white) - glue

• elastic fibers (yellow) - elastic

• reticular fibers - a type of collagen, support

illustration of bone

illustration of hyaline cartilage

illustration of fibrocartilage

illustration of tendon (dense connective)

illustration of areolar tissue

illustration of reticular connective tissue

illustration of blood