APUSH Unit 7

Great Reapprochment

improved relations with Great Britain

insurrectos

cubans who revolted against Spanish rule

USS Maine

major catalyst for Spanish-American war

Teller Amendment

US will not annex Cuba and promise independence

This amendment was passed as part of the resolution to declare war against Spain, ensuring that the US would support Cuban independence.

Emilio Aguinaldo

led the Philippians in their fight for independence

Rough Riders

Unit led by Teddy Roosevelt during the Spanish-American War

Platt Amendment

a 1901 amendment that outlined the conditions for the withdrawal of US troops from Cuba and restricted Cuba's ability to sign treaties.

Alfred Thayer Mahan

was a naval officer and historian whose ideas on sea power significantly influenced naval strategy and American foreign policy in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Insular Cases

A series of Supreme Court cases in the early 1900s that addressed the constitutional rights of territories acquired by the United States, determining that full constitutional rights did not automatically extend to all territories.

Open-Door Note

A series of diplomatic messages sent by the U.S. in 1899 that aimed to ensure equal trading rights for all countries in China and maintain China's territorial integrity.

Anti-Imperialist League

Mark Twain and Andrew Carnegie were members of this

Boxer Rebellion

The Boxer Rebellion was an anti-foreigner, anti-colonial uprising in China between 1899 and 1901 led by the Boxers

Foraker Act

An 1900 law that established a civilian government in Puerto Rico, granting limited self-government and enabling a U.S. appointed governor.

Roosevelt Corollary

Extension of the Monroe Doctrine allowing U.S. intervention in Latin America to maintain stability.

Spanish American War

A conflict between the United States and Spain in 1898 that resulted in the U.S. acquiring territories like Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines.

Progressivism

A political movement in the early 20th century advocating for social reform, governmental regulation, and addressing issues such as corruption, inequality, and workers' rights.

Laissez-faire economics

an economic philosophy advocating minimal government intervention in the economy, promoting free-market principles.

Social Gospel

A religious movement that emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, emphasizing the application of Christian ethics to social problems, aiming to improve society through social justice and reform.

Muckrakers

Journalists who exposed corruption and social injustices in the early 20th century.

Socialism/Markism

A political and economic theory advocating for collective or governmental ownership of the means of production, aiming for egalitarian distribution of wealth.

Progressive Strategies of urban reform

include policies aimed at improving living conditions, labor rights, and increased governmental regulation to address social issues in urban areas.

Muller v. Oregon

upheld state laws limiting women's working hours based on health and welfare.

Lochner v. New York

struck down a law limiting bakers' working hours, asserting it violated the right to contract.

Temperance Movement

a social movement aimed at reducing or prohibiting the consumption of alcohol, advocating for moral and public health improvements.

Square Deal

aimed to ensure fairness for workers, consumers, and businesses.

Bureau of Corperations

A government agency established in 1903 to investigate and regulate corporate monopolies and unfair business practices.

Elkins Act of 1903

a federal law aimed at curbing the railroads' practices of rebates and discriminatory pricing, thereby promoting fair competition.

Hepburn Act of 1906

a federal law that strengthened the Interstate Commerce Commission's ability to regulate railroad rates and practices, ensuring fairer treatment for consumers.

Upton Sinclair

American author known for his novel 'The Jungle,' which exposed hardships in the meatpacking industry

Meat Inspection Act and Pure Food and Drug Act

Two federal laws passed in 1906 that aimed to ensure sanitary conditions in the meatpacking industry and to regulate food and drug quality, protecting consumers from unsafe products.

Conservation movement

seeks to protect natural resources and promote sustainability.

Progressive 'rational use' conservation

Sustainable resource use.

Panic of 1907

A financial crisis that led to a severe recession and increased calls for banking and financial reforms.

William Howard Taft

The 27th President of the United States, serving from 1909 to 1913, known for his trust-busting efforts and support of progressive reforms.

Roosevelt’s New nationalism

A progressive political philosophy that advocated for a strong federal government to regulate the economy, promote social justice, and ensure the welfare of citizens.

What is the main focus of TR's New Nationalism?

A. Social justice and regulation of industries
B. Individual liberty and economic competition
C. States' rights and limited government
D. Isolationism and non-interventionism

Correct Answer: A

Election of 1912 and Woodrow Wilson

A significant presidential election in which Woodrow Wilson, representing the Democratic Party, won against incumbent William Howard Taft and former President Theodore Roosevelt, highlighting divisions within the Republican Party and showcasing progressive ideals.

Clayton Antitrust Act

A 1914 federal law that strengthened antitrust laws to prevent monopolistic practices and protect trade and commerce from anti-competitive behavior.

Federal Trade Commission

A federal agency established in 1914 to promote consumer protection and eliminate anti-competitive business practices.

Federal Reserve

The central banking system of the United States, created in 1913, which manages the country's monetary policy and regulates financial institutions.

Main Causes of WW2

The main causes of World War II include the Treaty of Versailles, the rise of totalitarian regimes, economic instability, and expansionist policies by nations like Germany and Japan.

Lusitania

A British ocean liner sunk by a German U-boat in 1915, leading to increased tensions between the United States and Germany.

Fourteen Points

A statement of principles for peace used to end World War I, proposed by President Woodrow Wilson in 1918. It aimed to address the causes of the war and promote self-determination and free trade.

Committee on Public Information

An organization created by the U.S. government in 1917 to influence public opinion and support for World War I through propaganda.

Schenck vs. US

Supreme Court case that upheld limits on free speech during wartime.

National War Labor Board

A U.S. government agency established in 1918 to mediate labor disputes and maintain production during World War I. It aimed to prevent strikes and ensure labor peace in support of the war effort.

Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)

A radical labor organization founded in 1905 that aimed to unite all workers and promote social justice, often through direct action and anti-capitalist principles.

Herbert Hoover

31st President of the United States, serving from 1929 to 1933, known for his response to the Great Depression.

AF of L

A national federation of labor unions in the United States, founded in 1886, focused on organizing skilled workers and advocating for labor rights and better working conditions.

Sheppard-Towner Maternity Act

A 1921 law providing federal funding for maternity and infant care, aimed at reducing maternal and infant mortality rates.

Liberty Loans

Bonds sold during World War I to help finance the war effort, encouraging American citizens to invest.

conscription

The compulsory enlistment of individuals into the military service, implemented during World War I and World War II in the United States.

irreconcilables

A faction of U.S. senators who opposed the Treaty of Versailles after World War I and refused to support American involvement in the League of Nations.

Henry Cabot Lodge

A prominent U.S. senator and leader of the "Irreconcilables" faction, he strongly opposed the Treaty of Versailles and American participation in the League of Nations.

Warren G. Harding

The 29th President of the United States, Harding served from 1921 until his death in 1923. His presidency is often remembered for scandals such as Teapot Dome and his call for a return to "normalcy" after World War I.

How did the US acquire Hawaii

The United States acquired Hawaii through a combination of informal influence and political maneuvering, which culminated in the overthrow of Queen Liliuokalani in 1893, followed by the annexation of Hawaii in 1898.

How did the US annex Alaska

The United States annexed Alaska by purchasing it from Russia in 1867 for $7.2 million, a deal negotiated by Secretary of State William H. Seward, often referred to as "Seward's Folly."

Causes and Effects of Spanish American War

The Spanish-American War was caused by factors such as the explosion of the USS Maine, yellow journalism, and American imperialism. It resulted in the US gaining territories like Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines, marking a significant expansion of American influence.

Anti-imperialists' arguments

Moral opposition to imperialism, belief in self-determination, fear of foreign conflict entanglements, and concern over economic costs.

What interests did the US have in Asia

The United States sought to expand its trade opportunities, establish strategic military positions, and promote American ideals of democracy and capitalism in Asia, significantly influenced by events such as the Open Door Policy.

During the Progressive Era who was a famous conservationist

John Muir was a prominent conservationist during the Progressive Era, advocating for the preservation of natural landscapes and the establishment of national parks.

Difference between Conservationists and Preservationists

preservationists focus on protecting nature from human impact, while conservationists prioritize the sustainable use of natural resources for human benefits

Foreign Policy of Teddy Roosevelt

"speak softly and carry a big stick," emphasized a strong military presence and intervention in foreign affairs, particularly in Latin America, to assert American power and influence.

Who were the candidates of the 1912 Election and their parties

The candidates of the 1912 Election were Woodrow Wilson (Democrat), Theodore Roosevelt (Progressive), William Howard Taft (Republican), and Eugene V. Debs (Socialist). This election was notable for the split in the Republican Party.

Who won the Election of 1912?

Woodrow Wilson, the Democratic candidate, won the Election of 1912 by securing a significant majority of the electoral votes due to the split in the Republican Party between Roosevelt and Taft.

What caused Wilson to join WW1

The primary causes for Wilson to join World War I included unrestricted submarine warfare by Germany, the Zimmermann Telegram, and the need to protect American interests and promote democracy globally.

What were the main expectations of the 14 points

The main expectations of the 14 Points included transparency in international agreements, freedom of the seas, collective security, self-determination for nations, and the establishment of a League of Nations to maintain peace.

Why did the US refuse to ratify the Treaty of Versailles or join the League of Nations

concerns about entanglement in international conflicts, isolationist sentiments among the public and Congress, and opposition from key figures like Senator Henry Cabot Lodge.

Fordism

an economic system characterized by mass production and consumption, exemplified by assembly line manufacturing and high wages to boost purchasing power.

post ww1 agricultural depression

a significant decline in agricultural prices and profits, driven by overproduction and reduced demand.

Marcus Garvey and the United N- Improvement Association

African American leaders promoting black nationalism and economic empowerment, advocating for the establishment of a separate black nation.

Al Jolson

a popular singer and actor known for his role in the first full-length talking picture, "The Jazz Singer," and for his contributions to the development of American musical comedy.

Charles Lindbergh

A pioneering aviator who made the first solo nonstop transatlantic flight in 1927 from New York to Paris, becoming an international hero.

Margaret Sanger

An American birth control activist, sex educator, and nurse, Sanger founded the birth control movement in the United States and established organizations that evolved into Planned Parenthood.

Equal Rights Amendment

Proposed amendment to the US Constitution aimed at guaranteeing equal legal rights for all American citizens regardless of sex, introduced in 1923.

Bolshevik Revolution

The 1917 uprising in Russia that led to the rise of the Bolsheviks, who established a socialist government and withdrew Russia from World War I.

criminal syndicalism

the advocacy of crime, violence, or sabotage to achieve social or political change.

America Plan

A business strategy adopted in the 1920s aimed at preventing unionization and promoting open shops, emphasizing the rights of employers.

Immigrations Act of 1924

Legislation that limited the number of immigrants allowed entry into the United States based on national origins, significantly reducing immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe.

Sacco and Vanzetti Trial

A highly publicized criminal case in the 1920s involving two Italian immigrants who were convicted of murder, widely viewed as a reflection of the anti-immigrant sentiment and political climate of the time.

Eugenics Movement

A social and scientific movement in the early 20th century that aimed to improve the genetic quality of the human population through selective breeding and sterilization, often justified by pseudoscientific claims.

Scopes Monkey Trial

A famous legal case from 1925 that contested the teaching of evolution in public schools, pitting modernist views against traditional beliefs. The trial involved John Thomas Scopes, who was prosecuted for violating Tennessee's Butler Act, which prohibited the teaching of human evolution.

What are 3 causes of the Great Depression

The Great Depression was caused by a combination of factors including the stock market crash of 1929, bank failures leading to a loss of savings, and a decline in consumer spending exacerbated by high unemployment rates.

bank runs

occurrences when a large number of customers withdraw their deposits simultaneously, often leading to bank failures during financial crises, such as the Great Depression.

Hawley-Smoot Tariff Act

A tariff enacted in 1930 that raised duties on imports to historically high levels, aimed at protecting American industry but ultimately worsened the economic situation by stifling international trade.

Hoovervilles

shantytowns formed by homeless individuals during the Great Depression, named after President Herbert Hoover.

Rugged Individualism

The belief that individuals should be responsible for their own success and well-being, and that government assistance should be minimal. This philosophy was notably promoted by President Herbert Hoover during the Great Depression.

Bonus Army

A group of World War I veterans who marched to Washington, D.C. in 1932 to demand early payment of a bonus promised to them, leading to a confrontation with the U.S. Army.

Election of 1932

The presidential election in which Franklin D. Roosevelt defeated incumbent Herbert Hoover, marking a significant shift in U.S. politics and the beginning of the New Deal.

deficit spending

A fiscal policy where a government spends more money than it receives in revenue, often used to stimulate economic growth during periods of recession.

The 3 R’s

Refers to the three principles of Relief, Recovery, and Reform associated with Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal programs aimed at addressing the Great Depression.

court packing scheme

A political strategy proposed by Franklin D. Roosevelt to expand the Supreme Court by adding justices, intended to secure favorable rulings for New Deal legislation.

Agricultural Adjustment Act/Administration (AAA)

A New Deal program designed to boost agricultural prices by reducing surpluses. The —- paid farmers to cut back on crop production, thereby raising prices and stabilizing the farming economy.

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

A New Deal program that provided jobs for young men to work on environmental projects such as reforestation, park maintenance, and soil conservation.

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

A government agency created in 1933 to provide insurance for bank deposits, protecting depositors' savings and stabilizing the banking system.

Federal Emergency Relief Act/ Administration (FERA)

A New Deal program that provided federal funds for state relief efforts to help alleviate unemployment and poverty during the Great Depression.

Securities Act & Securities Exchange Act

Acts aimed at regulating the securities industry, ensuring transparency in financial statements and protecting investors from fraud.

Tennessee Valley Authority

A federally owned corporation established in 1933 to improve the economic conditions in the Tennessee Valley through development programs and electricity generation.

Works Progress Administration (WPA)

A New Deal agency created in 1935 that employed millions to carry out public works projects, such as the construction of highways, bridges, and buildings.

National Youth Administration

A New Deal agency established in 1935 that aimed to provide education, job training, and employment for young Americans, particularly in the context of the Great Depression.