FINAL PREP

Which of the following are key functions of hemocytes in the insect body?

a. carry oxygen

b. water reservoir

c. chemical exchange

d. distribution of nutrients

e. ingestion of small foreign particles in the blood

f. encapsulation of parasites

g. coagulation of blood at wound sites

d. distribution of nutrients

e. ingestion of small foreign particles in the blood

f. encapsulation of parasites

g. coagulation of blood at wound sites

In open respiratory systems, oxygen enters the tracheal system in insects through the _____________

spiracles

What carries oxygen to all respiring tissues in an insect body?

trachea

The two functions of hemolymph in the insect body are to facilitate _________ exchange and acts as a ______ _________. 

chemical; water reservoir

What are the four most diverse orders of insects from the list below:

hymenoptera, diptera, lepidoptera, coleoptera

The three tagmata of insects are

thorax, abdomen, and head

In houseflies, which mouthpart is heavily modified to form the sponging labellum

labium

the process of shredding the cuticle is called

molting 

true or false sclerotization is a permanent change to the cuticle

true

Based on what we discussed in class regarding insect internal systems, explain why we don’t have giant insects today like we had back in the Carboniferous. Be detailed in your explanation.

In the Carboniferous era, there were higher oxygen levels than what is found today. The decrease of oxygen could not support the bigger bodied insects, so the smaller respiratory system was preferred.

Which type of hormone is involved with initiating the molting process?

ecdysteroid

Which Ed Sheeran node on the tree represents the origin of metamorphosis?

The fourth Ed sheeran node (starting from the right)

The modified hindwings in Diptera known as _______

halteres

Which ed on the tree represents Holometabola?

The 8th ed 

Emergence from the pupal instar is called what

eclosion

The _________ is the on living layer of the cuticle

epidermis

Why isn’t the lining of the midgut shed when an insect molts?

it is not sclerotized

________ is the process that leads to additional hardening and darkening of the cuticle

sclerotization

Which ed on the tree represents the origin of wings? 

the 4th ed 

Which ed on the tree represents insecta?

the 2nd ed

___________ is a chemical produced in one part of the body and transported to a different part of the body where it causes some change to occur

hormone

When flight muscles are attached to the inner walls of the thorax and wing movement occurs when the muscles deform the body shape, this is known as ______ muscle arrangement.

indirect

Metamorphosis in beetles occurs between which two instars?

pupa and adult

The _______ is the stage or instar unique to holometabolous insects. 

pupa

________ is the developmental fusion of segments into functional body regions (i.e., the process leading to the head, thorax, and abdomen in insects)

tagmosis

Wings can arise out of which of the segments on an insect body

metathorax, mesothorax

What are the four major functions of the wing veins

provide support, house nerves to connect to sensory structures, house trachea, bring water to the wing

The onset of metamorphosis is typically associated with what

reaching a certain size

how do groups like Hymenoptera overcome the in-flight problem of turbulence created by the forewings negatively impacting the hindwings

hook wings together to move as a single unit

the modified forewings in Coleoptera are called ______ and the purpose is to provide _________ __ __________

elytra; protection to hindwing

in the piercing and sucking mouthparts of Hemiptera, the _________ and _________ are modified into long slender stylets

mandibles; maxillae

the three diagnostic characteristics of Hexapoda

one pair of antennae, three pairs of legs, three tagmata

The functions of the arthropod exoskeleton

protection, muscle attachment, water retention, and housing sensory structures

Which stop sign corresponds to the femur?

stop three

what are the four characterisitcs below that are diagnostic of Arthropoda?

compound eyes, hardened exoskeleton, jointed appendages, and Malphigian tubules

in insects, primary absorption of nutrients from ingested food occurs in the _____.

midgut

________ is the science of naming and classifying organisms.

taxonomy

One day, a group of slightly demented children caught cockroaches, cut off the cockroach heads, and put them on little pikes around their LEGO castle. Much to their horror, the headless cockroach bodies rose up onto their legs, began walking about, trampled the tiny LEGO soldiers, and pooped all over the castle. They did this for a few hours before wandering off, never to be seen again. Was this some horrible zombie virus? Clearly not, because we all know removing the head of a zombie and destroying the brain is the only way to dispatch beasts. Based on what you know about the inner workings of insects, explain how the beheaded cockroaches were able to seemingly rise from the dead and wreak havoc on the LEGO empire. Be specific by naming the system(s) involved,

The headless cockroach bodies were able to move because of their decentralized nervous system. Instead of one brain, a cockroach has a chain of segmental ganglia—or "mini-brains"—running along its belly. The missing head contained the main brain, but these intact mini-brains control basic functions like walking and reflexes (like running away), allowing the legs to keep moving on autopilot. Furthermore, they didn't bleed out instantly because of their low-pressure open circulatory system and effective clotting. Most importantly, the insect's respiratory system works through tiny holes called spiracles on the sides of the body, which deliver oxygen directly to the tissues, so losing the head doesn't stop them from "breathing." This combination allows the headless body to survive and walk for a period until it eventually dies from dehydration and starvation.

in early insects, protowings likely developed to assist in _____________ and _______

thermoregulation; sensory

the main organs of osmoregulation are 

Malphigian Tubulues

The substance throughout the cuticle of an insect that gives it stregth is

chitin

True or false, the cockroaches you find in your friend’s house are native to the US

false

what type of metamorphosis is depicted in the figure

paurometaboly

the type of development discussed in class where each stage looks exactly like the last, just bigger as seen in insects like Archaeognatha is known as _________

ametaboly

when an arthropod can continue to shed its cuticle and grow, even after reaching the adult stage, this is known as ___________ growth

indeterminant

a specialized form of cuticle that has high elasticity and strength (think honeypot ants) is called

arthrodial membrane

When a female modifies the environment to form an area for oviposition, this is known as _______

nesting

in addition to compound eyes, what are the other two types of “eyes” insects can possess?

stemmata and ocelli

What are the methods used by males to ensure (or increase the likelihood of) paternity?

sperm plugs, removal of competitor sperm, and mating marathons

physiological dormancy with very specific set of conditions required to initiate and end the dormancy is known as

diapause

the specialized organs responsible for detecting sounds that pass through the tympanum are _________ ____

chordotonal organs

What type of receptor is used to relay information to the insect about pressure being exerted on joins of legs?

hair plate

We discussed an example where a parasitic wasp laid a single egg in a caterpillar egg and utlimately thousands of adult wasps emerged. One egg leading to thousands of individuals is known as ____________

polyembryony

the ability of an insect to completely dehydrate itself, halting its metabolism, but staying alive until the next rain comes is called

cryptobiosis

in terms of reproduction, all known species of Hymenoptera are 

arrhenotokous

a ___________ is a substance secreted by one individual and received by a second individual of the same species, which then causes a specific action to occur in the receiver

pheromone

the amount of sunlight during a 24 hour period is termed

photoperiod

seta are ______ mechanoreceptors

tactile

moving from a home range in order to track resources in space rather than time is called ________

migration

____________ a method for producing sound where two body parts are rubbed together

stridulation

in insects, when unfertilized eggs result in males and fertilized eggs. in females, this is called __________

Arrhenotoky

Three pheromone types other than sex pheromones

aggregation, alarm, and trail-marking

oviporous insects are those that

lay eggs

As described in class, what were the three different behaviors that male giant water bugs would perform to increase the hatch rates of eggs

underwater pushups, surface brooding, and brood stroking

true or false, bugs with compound eyes see multiple small images in little cyclohexanes. 

false

The photoreceptive structure in the individual ommatidia containing nerve cells and visual pigments is the __________

rhabdom

an enduring or permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result of experience or practice is _______

learning

the individual light sensing structures that make up the compound eye are called

ommatidia

What are used to track resources in time

diapause and quiescence

the highest mortality rates in insects occur in what two stages

egg and first larval

what is the most basic characteristic and fundamental behavior in insects used to find mates?

swarming

Ability to form an association with previously meaningless stimuli and reinforcement such as reward or punishment

associative learning

What type of receptor tells a mosquito when to stop feeding on blood?

stretch receptor

What are ways insects might attract mates?

sound production, sex attraction pheromones, and light production

when males aggregate in a specific area and engage in competitive displays to entice females to mate, this aggregation is known as a

lek

the female structure used to deposit eggs in a specific place is called

ovipositor

Large gametes, optimal strategy is to fertilize eggs with best sperm, and reproductive success is limited by physiology is true of what?

female insects

in some species, males of preying mantises have a tympanum on their chest. This is used for what?

to hear bat echolocation

the measure of the amount of heat required over time for an insect to complete development (often measured in degree-days) is known as

physiological time

during larval development, adult appendages are already developing in the form of

imaginal discs

When a male insect deposits spermatophores on the ground for a female to pick up, this is known as what type of sperm transfer?

indirect sperm transfer

Which of the following would be considered forms of parental care?

• oviposition on the larval food source

• provisioning a nest with food for developing larva

• creating a nest in which to lay eggs

• behaviors by adults to increase hatch rates of eggs

• oviposition on the larval food source

• provisioning a nest with food for developing larva

• creating a nest in which to lay eggs

• behaviors by adults to increase hatch rates of eggs

how many generations in a year does a bivoltine insect have?

2

true or false, like humans insects are able to maintain a steady temperature 24 hours per day

false

what color do insects not see

red

insects use hearing to

find mates, prey, hosts, and avoid predators/parasitoids

true or false some insect species that specialize on ephemaral food sources are able to speed up their development before resources vanish

true 

Which of the following are functions of male insect accessory glands?

• provide lubrication for sperm transfer

• provide nourishment for the female

• induce female to oviposit

• provide nourishment for sperm maturation

• provide lubrication for sperm transfer

• provide nourishment for the female

• induce female to oviposit

• provide nourishment for sperm maturation

In the presence of unlimited food, what is the limiting factor on growth rate of an insect?

temperature

tympanal receptors are used by insects to detect

airborne vibrations

structures on the insect body to detect chemical odors are 

chemoreceptors

male cicadas use a ______ to produce sound

tymbal

The structure in the female reproductive system used to store sperm is the

spermatheca

Why type of mimicry system has a harmful model and harmless mimic?

Batesian

What order of insects are the primary decomposers of dead vertebrates?

Diptera

Bed bugs are a good example of a nidicolous insects because they feed on what?

Blood

During the putrefaction stage of a decomposing vertebrate, many beetles will come to the body, What are the feeding on?

fly larvae

Which of the following is a “first responder” to a dead vertebrate?

Blow Flies

The first pollinators of plants were likely what order of insects

coleoptera

non-random active foragers might cue in on which of the following to locate their pray

• carbon dioxide

• prey pheromones

• plant volatiles

• mating calls

• carbon dioxide

• prey pheromones

• plant volatiles

• mating calls