pt 1: basics, levels of organization, organ systems

gross anatomy

aka macroanatomy - large structures easily observable

microanatomy

study of microscopic anatomic structures that cannot be seen with the naked eye; must be viewed with a microscope

cytology

study of cells

histology

study of tissues

physiology

study of how the body and its parts work or function to sustain an organism’s life

pathology

study of anatomy affected by disease

pathophysiology

study of disordered physiological processes that cause, result from, or are otherwise associated with a disease or injury

structure determines function

central tenet of relationship b/w anatomy and physiology

chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organismal

levels of structural organization

chemical level

atoms (smallest stable unit of matter) combine to form molecules

cellular level

cells (smallest unit of life - unit of health and disease) are made up of smaller components (organelles) and molecules that come together

200

the human body has over ___ diff types of cells, each with unique form and function

tissue level

cells (specialized) combine in certain forms/patterns to form tissues to serve a function based on environment and surroundings based on ECM

muscle, epithelial, connective, nervous

4 primary tissue types

organ level

organs are made up of 2+ different types of tissues that come together to serve a function

• self contained, specific function

organ system level

organ systems consist of a group of organs that work together to perform a set of functions in the body

• 12 distinct body systems

organismal level

human organisms are made up of many organ systems

• individual entity that embodies the properties of life

• “life form”

integumentary system

forms external body covering & protects against environmental hazards and helps regulate body temp based on environmental stimuli

• water resistant (protective barrier b/w internal and external envir)

• prevents dehydration

• exocrine glands

skin

component of integumentary system made up of the epidermis and dermis aka cutaneous membrane

• covers surface, protects deeper tissues

• nourishes epidermis, provides strength

• contains glands

hair follicles

component of integumentary system made up of hairs and sebaceous glands

• produce hair, innervation provides sensation

• provide protection for head

• secrete lipid coating that lubricates hair shaft and epidermis

sweat glands

component of integumentary system

• produce perspiration for evaporative cooling

nails

component of integumentary system

• protect and stiffen distal tips of digits

sensory receptors

component of integumentary system

• provide sensations of touch, pressure, temp, and pain

subcutaneous layer

component of integumentary system

• stores lipids, attaches skin to deeper structures

skeletal system

consists of bones, cartilages, ligaments, and joints

• supports and protects tissues, stores minerals, forms blood cells

• provides structure and framework

• together, the skeletal muscles and neuro system work with this system to allow the organism to move

• blood cells are formed within bones (hematopoiesis)

• bones store minerals

bone, cartilage, joint

components of skeletal system consisting of axial and appendicular skeleton

• support and protect soft tissues, brain, spinal cord, sense organs

• supports body weight over lower limbs

• supports and moves axial skeleton

ligaments

components of skeletal system

• connect bone to bone, bone to cartilage, or cartilage to cartilage

bone marrow

component of skeletal system

• primary site of blood cell production (red bone marrow)

• storage of energy reserves in fat cells (yellow bone marrow)

axial skeleton

skull, sternum, ribs, vertebrae, sacrum

appendicular skeleton

pectoral girdle, upper limb, pelvic girdle, lower limb

muscular system

allows for locomotion, provides support, produces heat

• skeletal, cardiac, smooth

• all muscles contract

• skeletal muscles produce movement of bones

skeletal muscles

components of muscular system consisting of axial and appendicular muscles

• provide skeletal movement control entrances to dig. and resp. tracts and exits to dig. and urinary. tracts

• produce heat

• support skeleton

• protect soft tissues

• support and position axial skeleton + limbs

tendons

(and aponeuroses) components of muscular system

• transmit the contractile forces of skeletal muscle to bone in order to move

musculoskeletal system

this system is a combination of 2 that allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion and facial expression

nervous system

FAST ACTING

directs immediate responses to stimuli usually by coordinating the activities of the other organ system

• consists of brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves and sensory receptors

CNS

component of nervous system consisting of brain, spinal cord, special senses

• control center for nervous system

• processes info

• short term control over activities of other systems

• performs complex integrative functions; controls voluntary and autonomic activities

• relays info to and from brain; performs less complex integrative activities

• provides sensory input to the brain relating to sight, hearing, smell, taste, and equilibrium

PNS

component of nervous system

• links cns with other systems and with sense organs

CNS

brain, spinal cord

PNS

peripheral nerves

cardiovascular system

includes heart and blood vessels —> transport cells and dissolved materials including nutrients, wastes, gases to and from body’s tissues

• arteries-arterioles-capillaries-venules-veins

• O2, CO2

heart

component of cardiovasc system

• propels blood, maintains BP

blood vessels

components of cardiovasc system consisting of arteries, capillaries, veins

• distribute blood around the body

• carry blood from heart to capillaries, permit diffusion between blood and interstitial fluids

• return blood from capillaries to heart

blood

component of cardiovasc system

• transports O2, CO2, and blood cells

• delivers nutrients and hormones

• removes waste

• temp regulation

• defense against disease

respiratory system

includes nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli and deliver air to sites where gas exchange can occur between air and circulating blood

• removes CO2, adds O2 into blood

nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses

components of respiratory system

• filter warm, humidify air

• detect smells

pharynx

component of respiratory system

• conducts air to larynx, chamber shared with digestive tract

larynx

component of respiratory system

• protects opening to trachea and contains voice cords

trachea

component of respiratory system

• filters air, traps particles in mucus, conducts air to lungs, cartilages keep airway open

bronchi

component of respiratory system

• same functions as trachea

• diameter decreases as branching

lungs

components of respiratory system consisting of alveoli

• responsible for air movement during movement of ribs and diaphragm, including airways and alveoli

• blind pockets at the end of the smallest bronchioles are sites of gas exchange b/w air and blood

lymphatic system

extensive network of vessels that pass thru almost all tissues that defends against infection and disease and returns tissue fluid (excess 10%) to the bloodstream

• maintain fluid balance

• role in absorbing fats and fat soluble nutrients

lymph

fluid containing cells and proteins

lymph vessels

component of lymph system

• carry lymph and lymphocytes from peripheral tissues to veins of cardiovascular system

lymph nodes

components of lymph system

• monitor the composition of lymph, engulf pathogens and recycles RBCs

• stimulates immune response

spleen

component of lymph system

• monitors circulating blood

• engulfs pathogens and recycles RBCs

• stimulates immune response

thymus

component of lymph system

• controls development and maintenance of T cells (lymphocytes)

digestive system

processes food and absorbs nutrients, absorbs water, eliminates waste, important immune function

endocrine system

secretion of hormones that directs long term changes in activities of other organ systems

• relatively slow responses compared to nervous system - continuum of control

• growth, reproduction metabolism

• glands: hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid/parathyroids, adrenal, thymus, pancreas, pineal, ovaries, testes

pineal gland

component of endocrine system

• may control timing of reproduction and set day-night rhythms

pituitary gland

component of endocrine system

• controls other endo glands; regulates growth and fluid balance

thyroid gland

component of endocrine system

• control tissue metabolic rate

• regulates calcium levels

parathyroid gland

component of endocrine system

• regulate calcium levels w thyroid

thymus

component of endocrine system

• controls maturation of lymphocytes

adrenal glands

component of endocrine system

• regulate water balance, tissue metabolism, cardiovasc and resp activity

kidneys

component of endocrine system

• control RBC production and elevate BP

pancreas

component of endocrine system

• regulates blood glucose levels

gonads

component of endocrine system consisting of testes and ovaries

• support male and female sexual characteristics and reproductive functions

reproductive system

produces sex cells and hormones

male: produces sperm

female: produces egg, supports embryonic and fetal development from fertilization to birth