learning_objectives_3_HAP_II

cardiovascular system

What is the functional significance of endocardium, myocardium, epicardium, and pericardium for the heart?

i. endocardium

ii. myocardium

iii. epicardium

iv. pericardium

Which atria and ventricles does the heart have and how do they differ?

What is the functional significance of the heart atria and ventricles?

Which veins deliver blood to which atrium and what kind of blood do they carry?

Which arteries transport blood away from the heart?

aorta, main aortic branches

What are the four valves called?

What kind of structured do the different valves contain and what is their purpose?

which cells are the pacemaker cells and where are they located in the heart?

what is a pacemaker potential (I_f ) and what role are the HCN-channels playing?

What is cardiac action potential like?

How is cardiac action potential fundamentally different from neuronal action potential?

shape

time

functional significance

what is the role of the Ca²⁺ in the cardiac action potential and in the contraction of the cardiomyocyte?

exitation-contraction coupling/EC-coupling

Can you describe the anatomy of the conducting system?

pacemaker areas, bundle of His, left and right bundle branches, the purkinje fibers

What are basic principles of EKG?

How does EKG describe the phases of the heart contraction and relaxation?

What is cardia output?

What does stroke volume refer to?

What is heart rate?

How are systole and diastole different?

How do systemic and pulmonary circulation differ?

How does the Frank-Starling law of the heart work?

How are preload and afterload different?

How are end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes different?

what determines diastole and systole and what does the heart do in each stage?

cardiac cycle →

What is the overall structure of arteries and veins?

How does the specific structure of arteries and veins help their function in blood transport in different parts of the circulatory system?

How are capillaries structured?

What is the function of capillaries?

how liquid is transferred out of or into the capillaries and what forces (pressures) determine the direction of the movement (i.e. the Starling forces build of hydrostatic pressures and colloid osmotic pressures)

what kind of things cause resistance to the blood flow that participates in generation of blood pressure and where is the resistance greatest in the vasculature?

what is the detector/sensor system of the blood pressure in our body and where is this information sent?

high pressure and low pressure baroreceptors, their location and stimulus type i.e. modality they are activated

How does hormonal regulation of blood pressure work?

which hormones, where are they secreted, where they exert their action, mainly so-called RAA-system, ANP, and ADH