hist 7h quizlet

What differences marked the cultural and historical experiences of the many peoples who came together in the Americas? In what ways were their cultures similar?

Europeans laws and customs recognized that only men owned and inherited property, cut off trees which were used for construction & fuel, Europeans developed the church and Christianity, government styles were similar, language barriers

What kinds of interactions developed among peoples from fundamentally different cultures? IN what ways did they cooperate, and in what ways did they clash?

Native Americans wanted metal tools from europeans, horses guns,

-Resisted Christianity europeans wanted access to fur trade, private ownership of land, nuclear family

-Mission system native Americans were taught the Spaniard Catholicism

Bering Strait

land bridge -- Native Americans crossed this former land bridge from Asia to the Americas

Maya

Mesoamerican civilization concentrated in Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula and in Guatemala and Honduras but never unified into a single empire. Major contributions were in mathematics, astronomy, and development of the calendar.

Inca

Largest and most powerful Andean empire. Controlled the Pacific coast of South America from Ecuador to Chile from its capital of Cuzco.

putting-out system

system of merchant-capitalists "putting out" raw materials to cottage workers for processing and payment that was fully developed in England

Renaissance

"rebirth"; following the Middle Ages, a movement that centered on the revival of interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome

Galieo Galilei

Among many things, used the empirical method to prove scientific ideas, proved the heliocentric theory, improved upon and used the telescope

The Reformation

A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.

John Calvin

1509-1564. French theologian. Developed the Christian theology known as Calvinism. Attracted Protestant followers with his teachings.

Chattel slavery

Absolute legal ownership of another person, including the right to buy or sell that person.

Amerigo Vespucci

A mapmaker and explorer who said that America was a new continent, so America was named after him.

Vasco Nunez de Balboa

Spanish explorer who became the first European to see the Pacific Ocean in 1510 while exploring Panama

Francisco Vasquez de Coronado

Spanish explorer who heard stories about the Seven Cities of Gold and set out to find them

Mississippian culture

Last of the mound-building cultures of North America; flourished between 800 and 1300 C.E.; featured large towns and ceremonial centers; lacked stone architecture of Central America.

Aztec

Tried to drive out the Spanish and were weakened by diseases like smallpox.

Enclosure acts

a series of United Kingdom Acts of Parliament which enclosed open fields and common land in the country, creating legal property rights to land that was previously considered common.

Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain

During the late 15th century, they became King and Queen of a united Spain after centuries of Islamic domination. Together, they made Spain a strong Christian nation and also provided funding to overseas exploration, notably Christopher Columbus.

Zheng He

Chinese admiral during the Ming Dynasty, he led great voyages that spread China's fame throughout Asia (7 voyages, 87 years before Columbus).

Colombian Exchange

the transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between the Americas and Europe, Asia, and Africa

Martin Luther

a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices.

Puritans

A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.

Treaty of Tordesillas

A 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.

Malintzin

A Mayan woman who spoke both Maya and Nahuatl (Aztec language); used by Cortes as a translator

Hernan Cortes

Spanish explorer and conquistador who led the conquest of Aztec Mexico in 1519-1521 for Spain. Took over Mexico

What did earths colonists hope to accomplish by starting life over on the other side of an ocean, and what immediate obstacles did they have to overcome?

Early colonists hoped to find new land in search for gold, trade, safe places to practice faith to get away from religious freedom, economic freedom. Colonizing alongside native Americans, disease, starvation

How were Native Americans, Europeans, and Africans changed by their encounters with each other in the Western Hemisphere?

Colonization by most Europeans changed both the native Americans and Africans through religion, slavery, disease.

Indentured servant

Laborer who agreed to work without pay for a certain period of time in exchange for passage to America

Encomienda system

It gave settlers the right to tax local Native Americans or to make them work. In exchange, these settlers were supposed to protect the Native American people and convert them to Christianity

joint-stock company

A company made up of a group of shareholders. Each shareholder contributes some money to the company and receives some share of the company's profits and debts.

Queen Elizabeth

Queen of England from 1558 to 1603; the English Renaissance flourished during her reign

Roanoke settlement

The failed "lost colony" founded by Sir Walter Raleigh (first colony)

Virginia Co. of London

joint stock company that received a letter from James I to settle in New World

Jamestown

The first permanent English settlement in North America, found in East Virginia ( first successful colony)

Tobacco

Cash crop that made a profit and saved Jamestown

George Calvert, Lord Baltimore

man who had the idea of settling Maryland as a refuge for Roman Catholics (son Cecilius)

Capt. John Smith

Saved the settlement of Jamestown during that first, hard winter by taking over as leader. Interested in Pocahontas, compromised with Indians.

William Bradford

A Pilgrim, the second governor of the Plymouth colony, 1621-1657. He developed private land ownership and helped colonists get out of debt. He helped the colony survive droughts, crop failures, and Indian attacks.

John Winthrop

Puritan governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony. Speaker of "City upon a hill" (womens husband is lord.)

Antinomianism

An interpretation of Puritan beliefs that stressed God's gift of salvation and minimized what an individual could do to gain salvation; identified with Anne Hutchinson.

Conquistadors

Early-sixteenth-century Spanish adventurers who conquered Mexico, Central America, and Peru. (Examples Cortez, Pizarro, Francisco.)

Bacons rebellion

1676 - Nathaniel Bacon and other western Virginia settlers were angry at Virginia Governor Berkley for trying to appease the Doeg Indians after the Doegs attacked the western settlements. The frontiersmen formed an army, with Bacon as its leader, which defeated the Indians and then marched on Jamestown and burned the city. The rebellion ended suddenly when Bacon died of an illness.

John Cabot

English explorer who claimed Newfoundland for England while looking for Northwest Passage

Francis Drake

English explorer and admiral who was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe and who helped to defeat the Spanish Armada (1540-1596)

Virginia Co. of Plymouth

English joint-stock company that received a charter from King James I that allowed it to found the Virginia colony.

Chief Powhatan

"Chief-of-the-Chiefs" who lead 30 Algonquian tribes known as the Powhatans, who helped the English settlement at Jamestown, father to Pocahontas.

John smith

Helped found and govern Jamestown. His leadership and strict discipline helped the Virginia colony get through the difficult first winter.

House of burgesses

the first elected legislative assembly in the New World established in the Colony of Virginia in 1619, representative colony set up by England to make laws and levy taxes but England could veto its legistlative acts.

Halfway covenant

A Puritan church document; allowed partial membership rights to persons not yet converted into the Puritan church; It lessened the difference between the "elect" members of the church from the regular members; Women soon made up a larger portion of Puritan congregations.

Anne Hutchinson

A Puritan woman who was well learned that disagreed with the Puritan Church in Massachusetts Bay Colony. Her actions resulted in her banishment from the colony, and later took part in the formation of Rhode Island. She displayed the importance of questioning authority.

Puritans

A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.

Quakers

English dissenters who broke from Church of England, preache a doctrine of pacificism, inner divinity, and social equity, under William Penn they founded Pennsylvania

The Pequot war

1637 The Bay colonists wanted to claim Connecticut for themselves but it belonged to the Pequot. The colonists burned down their village and 400 were killed.

Philosophes

Writers during the Enlightenment and who popularized the new ideas of the time.

William penn

A Quaker that founded Pennsylvania to establish a place where his people and others could live in peace and be free from persecution.

Acts of trade and navigation

Three acts that regulated colonial trade:
1st act: closed the colonies to all trade except that from English ships,
2nd act: demanded that everything being shipped from Europe to the colonies had to pass through England so they could tax the goods.

Sir Edmund Andros

Governor of the Dominion of New England from 1686 until 1692, when the colonists rebelled and forced him to return to England

Bill of rights

The first ten amendments to the Constitution

Jacob leisler

German immigrant, merchant, leader of New York dissidents, his militia captured the fort and he became the new head of the goverment in New York, William and Mary appointed a new governor and forced him out, later hanged for treason

Salem witch trials

1629 outbreak of witchcraft accusations in a puritan village marked by an atmosphere of fear, hysteria and stress (started by 12 year olds )

Treaty of Utrecht (1713)

Ended the War of Spanish Succession & recognized France's Philip V as Kind of Spain, but prohibited the unification of the French and Spanish monarchies; gave England profitable lands in North America from France.

Currency act of 1751

This act applied only to Massachusetts. It was an attempt to ban the production of paper money in Massachusetts, but it was defeated in Parliament.

King George's War

(1744-1748) North American theater of Europe's War of Austrian Succession that once again pitted British colonists against their French counterparts in the North. The peace settlement did not involve any territorial realignment, leading to conflict between New England settlers and the British government.

Sir issac newton

Defined the laws of motion and universal gravitation and used them to predict the motion of stars and planets around the sun.

John peter Zenger

Journalist who questioned the policies of the governor of New York in the 1700's. He was jailed; he sued, and this court case was the basis for our freedom of speech and press. He was found not guilty.

Stono Rebellion

The most serious slave rebellion in the the colonial period which occurred in 1739 in South Carolina. 100 African Americans rose up, got weapons and killed several whites then tried to escape to S. Florida. The uprising was crushed and the participants executed. The main form of rebellion was running away, though there was no where to go.

Society of Friends

also known as Quakers, name came from shaking at the name of the Lord, rejected predestination and orginal sin, believed that all could achieve salvation, women held positions in the church

Enumerated items

Numbered or listed items. tobacco, indigo, cotton, rice, fish, and ship's masts are all examples of items that could only be exported to England.

The glorious revolution

Parliament asked William and Mary to rule, bloodless overthrow, era of absolutism, signed bill of rights (first step toward constitutional monarchy)

John Locke

17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.

Tituba

Parris' black slave. Parris discovers her casting spells and making potions with the girls in the woods.

Queen Anne's War

American phase (1702-1713) of Europe's War of the Spanish Succession

Sir Robert Walpole

The first Prime Minister of England, his election led to the rise of the House of Commons.

Molasses Act of 1733

A British law that established a tax on imports of molasses, sugar, and rum from non-British colonies. The law was loosely enforced and New England imported great quantities of West Indian sugar for manufacturing rum. Example of mercantilism

The Enlightenment

An intellectual movement in 18th century Europe, centered in Paris and London, led by philosophes, (reason: common sense/observation)

Benjamin Franklin

American enlightenment figure who was a scientist and inventor (electricity)

Redemptioners

Indentured families or persons who received passage to the New World in exchange for a promise to work off their debt in America.

Middling families

Successful artisans and small scale retailers who produced and sold glassware, stoneware etc.

Indentured servants

Colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years

Considerations

Slave children's health, and permitting of pregnant slave women to reduce their hours of labor.

James Oglethorpe

Founder and governor of the Georgia colony. He ran a tightly-disciplined, military-like colony. Slaves, alcohol, and Catholicism were forbidden in his colony. Many colonists felt that Oglethorpe was a dictator, and that (along with the colonist's dissatisfaction over not being allowed to own slaves) caused the colony to break down and Oglethorpe to lose his position as governor.

Task system

A system of slave labor under which a slave had to complete a specific assignment each day. After they finished, their time was their own. Used primarily on rice plantations.

Great Awakening

Religious revival in the American colonies of the eighteenth century during which a number of new Protestant churches were established.

William Tennent

Presbyterian minister who played a chief role in the Great Awakening in Central New Jersey by calling prayer meetings known as the Refreshings around the 1730's. Another one of his significant projects was the founding of his influential Log College which had teachers educated in all areas of study.

George Whitefield

English clergyman who was known for his ability to convince many people through his sermons. He involved himself in the Great Awakening in 1739 preaching his belief in gaining salvation. (Old lights)

Old lights

Orthodox clergymen who rejected the emotionalism of the Great Awakening in favor of a more rational spirituality.

Coverture

a legal status of married women in which their separate legal identities were erased

By-employments

provided supplemental cash income for struggling families; skilled woodworkers and blacksmiths sold their skills for wages at a neighbor's farm for an allotted amount of time

Slave colonies

North American colonies founded on slave labor. strongly defines racial system in North America

Factors

Representative from Scotland to by tobacco directly from Chesapeake growers and transport it to Glasgow firms.

Middle passage

A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies

Stono Rebellion

The most serious slave rebellion in the the colonial period which occurred in 1739 in South Carolina. 100 African Americans rose up, got weapons and killed several whites then tried to escape to S. Florida. The uprising was crushed and the participants executed. The main form of rebellion was running away, though there was no where to go.

Jonathan Edwards

Preacher during the First Great Awakening; "Sinners in the hands of angry god"

Theodore Jacob Frelinghuysen

German-American Dutch-reformed minister who vigorously spread his sermons in North American colonies, especially the Raritan Valley in New Jersey

New lights

Clergymen who defended the Great Awakening for reinvigorating American religion

Regulators

These were vigilante groups active in the 1760s and 1770s in the western parts of North and South Carolina. They violently protested high taxes and insufficient representation in the colonial legislature.