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Stupa

Buddhist shrine that is shaped like a dome or mound

Karma

(Hinduism and Buddhism) the effects of a person's actions that determine his destiny in his next incarnation

Four Noble Truths of Buddhism

1. Everyone suffers.

2. The cause of suffering is desire (greed)

3. To end suffering you must end desire (greed)

4. Follow the eightfold path

Dharma (Buddhism)

the teachings of the Buddha

Samsara (Buddhism)

cyclic existence; the continual round of birth, death, and rebirth

Sutras

Buddhist sacred writings

Torana

gateway in the stone fence around a stupa, located at the cardinal points of the compass

Yasti

In Buddhist architecture, the mast or pole that arises from the dome of the stupa and its harmika and symbolizes the axis of the universe; it is adorned with a series of chatras (stone disks).

Harmika

a small platform with a railing located at the very top of a stupa

chattras

parasol forms on the top of stupas, symbolizing the three heavens, the Three Jewels, and the rule of the Buddha over the cosmos

Mt. Meru

mountain sacred to both Hindu and Buddhist cosmologies that lies at the center of the physical, metaphysical, and spiritual universes

circumambulate

to walk around

King Ashoka

The King who sent out missionaries to expand Buddhism.

Mithuna

in South Asian art, a male-female couple embracing or engaged in sexual intercourse

Moksha

The Hindu concept of the spirit's 'liberation' from the endless cycle of rebirths.

garba griha (inner womb chamber)

the sacred room of a Hindu temple, where rituals are performed and the image of the god is kept

Vishnu

A Hindu god considered the preserver of the world

Nagara style

the North Indian style of temple architecture, beehive like, with a spire

Vimana

a pyramidal tower over the inner sanctum of a Hindu temple of the southern style.

Mandapa

In Hindu temples, a pillared porch or hall connected to a sanctum by a vestibule

Sikhara

(North Indian Hindu temples) a mountain-like temple tower or superstructure

plinth

an architectural support or base (as for a column or statue)

Ganesha (Hinduism)

Elephant headed god who is the remover of obstacles

Nataraja

"Lord of the Dance"; an incarnation of Shiva who will appear at the end of the present age to destroy ignorance through dancing.

Shiva

A Hindu god considered the destroyer of the world.

Brahma

A Hindu god considered the creator of the world.

damaru

A two-sided drum thought to generate spiritual energy.

abhaya mudra

"fear not," gesture often made as a sign of reassurance and/or protection

Agni

flame of destruction that annihilates all

Apasmara

dwarf of ignorance

Shaikh

spiritual master or leader

Sufi

The branch of Islam that believes in a more mystical connection with Allah.

Putti

A plump, naked little boy, often winged.

Shah Jahan

Mogul emperor of India during whose reign the finest monuments of Mogul architecture were built (including the Taj Mahal at Agra) (1592-1666)

Mumtaz Mahal

Wife of Shah Jahan; took an active political role in Mughal court; entombed in Taj Mahal

cenotaph

a monument erected to the memory of the dead, with the dead human body not present

Char-bagh

Four part garden divided by four water channels

Great Stupa at Sanchi

Dates: c. 300 B.C.E.-100 C.E.

Culture: Madhya Pradesh, India. Buddhist; Maurya Empire-late Sunga Dynasty

Material: Stonemasonry, sandstone on dome

Lakshmana Temple

Dates: c. 930-950 C.E.

Culture: Khajuraho, India. Hindu, Chandella Dynasty

Material: Sandstone

Shiva as Lord of Dance (Nataraja)

Dates: 11th century C.E.

Culture: Hindu; India (Tamil Nadu-state), Chola Dynasty

Material: Cast Bronze

Jahangir Preferring a Sufi Shaikh to Kings

Artist: Bichitr

Period:

Dates: c. 1620 C.E.

Culture: India, Islamic, Mughal Dynasty

Material: Watercolor, gold and ink on paper

Taj Mahal

Artist: Masons, marble workers, mosaicists and decorators working under the supervision of Ustad Ahmad Lahori . architect to the emperor.

Period:

Dates: 1632-1653 C.E.

Culture: Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India (location)

Material: Stonemasonry & marble with inlay of precious & semi precious stones; gardens