BM: Site works and Earthworks

Building Tech

American Society for Testing and Materials

ASTM means

American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials

AASHTO means

American National Standards Institute

ANSI means

Unified Soil Classificatory System

USCS means

AASHTO SOIL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM

classifies inorganic soils for suitability as sub-grade materials in terms of good drainage and bearing capacity.

Boulders

AASHTO defines particle sizes - above 75mm

Gravel

AASHTO defines particle sizes - 75mm to No.10 sieve

course Sand

AASHTO defines particle sizes - No.10 to No.40 sieve

Fine Sand

AASHTO defines particle sizes - No.40 to No. 200 sieve

Silt-Clay Particles

AASHTO defines particle sizes - passing No. 200 sieve

ATTERBERG LIMITS

are tests performed on soils passing the No. 40 sieve as follows:

Liquid Limit (LL)

Plastic Limit (PL)

Plastic Index (PI)

Liquid Limit

the moisture content at which a soil changes from the liquid state to the plastic state, measured when soil in a shallow dish flows to close a 12.5 mm grove after 25 drops from 1cm.

Plastic Limit

the water content at which a silt or clay material will just begin to crumble when rolled into a tread approx 3.2 mm (1/8 inch) in diameter.

Plastic Index

is defined as the Liquid Limit minus the Plastic Limit: LLPL PI, that is the range of water content over which sediment behaves

Fill materials

soil, crushed stone, and sand used to raise an existing grade, or as a man-made-deposit, generally used under spread footings, pavers, or concrete slabs on grade. They are classified under the United Soil Classification System (USCS) as:

*GW, GM, GP

*SW, SM

GW, GM, GP

Gravels with > 50% retained on No.200 sieve, and

SW, SM

Sands with >50% retained on No.200 sieve and 50% or more of coarse fraction passes No.40 sieve

Granular Fill or Filters

soil materials conforming to above General Fill requirements and to ASTM C33, size 67, with a sand equivalent of not than 50%, used to prevent the movement of fine particles out of soils and other natural materials through seepage.

Borrow Fill

soil materials suitable as fill or sub- grade, selected laboratory-approved pit-run gravel, disintegrated granite, sand, shale, cinders or other similar materials with not more than 35% fraction passing the No.200 sieve.

Base Course Materials

are hard durable fragments of stone and a filler of sand or other finely divided mineral matter, free from vegetable matter and lumps of clay, complying with the following AASHTO METHODS T-11 and T-26 Grading Requirements:

*2” Gravel Bed

Riprap

also known as rock lining is a constructed layer of stone, placed to prevent erosion, scouring or sloughing of a structure or embarkment;

Riprap

is frequently defined as the stone used to construct such a lining

riprap

a special class of a very large aggregate, ranging in diameter from 50 mm (2inches) to 1148 mm (42 inches).

The resistance depends on the function of the weight, size, and shape of the stone, the geometry of the channel or bank it is protecting and the filter blanket over which the rip rap is placed.

Gabion systems

stone-filled wire baskets used to stabilize soil and prevent erosion.

Gabion systems

They are wire fabric containers, uniformly partitioned, of variable size, interconnected with other similar containers and filled with stone at the site of use, to form flexible, permeable, monolithic structures, sea walls, channel linings, revetments and weirs for earth retention.

Gabion systems

This system is particularly advantageous when constructing rock lining in area inaccessible to trucks or large construction equipment.

The wire baskets also allow steeper (i.e. vertical) channel linings to be constructed.

Geosynthetics

Term used for construction materials consisting of synthetic components made for use with or within earth materials.

It can be categorized into the following components:

Geotextiles

Geonets

Geomembrances

Geocells

Geocomposites

Geotextiles

the most common of geosynthetics. It consists of woven or nonwoven fabric made from polymeric materials such as polyester or polypropylene generally used for reinforcement, separation, and Filtration

- Porous - penetration of water

Geotextile

Reinforcement: when used for reinforcement, the ____ fabric lends its tensile strength to the low load-bearing soil to increase the overall design strength and decrease the amount of sub-base and base course materials deterioration.

Geotextile

separation: when used as a separator, the ____ is placed between dissimilar materials to prevent the migration of one of the materials into the other.

Geotextile

Fitration: in filtration, the _____ is used to prevent the movement of fine particles from the soil through which seepage occurs.

Subsurface Drainage

Filtration category: _____ ______ geotextiles are those employed in subsurface drainage applications, such as filters around underdrains or edge drains.

Erosion control

Filtration category: _____ ______ geotextiles are those employed to protect cut slopes or drainage features. They would be used in conjunction with a stone lining or rip rap, and would then serve a secondary function of separation

Sediment control

Filtration category: _____ ______ geotextiles are exclusively those used for silt fence applications. While they serve the purpose of "filtering" runoff, the mechanism by which they function is different than subsurface drainage or erosion control applications.

Geomembranes

-continuous polymeric sheets that are impermeable;

-the most frequently used for ground applications and pond lining are thermoplastic products manufactured from high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC).

Geomembranes

-For membrane roofing applications, ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) is frequently used.

-The different types of geomembranes have different properties such as strength, longevity, resistance to ultraviolet light, thermal expansion and contraction, chemical resistance and ease of installation.

Geomembranes

Membranes should generally be designed so as not to be subjected to tensile stresses and should be treated gently during installation and subsequent use.

Uses: Lining of ponds, lagoons, landfill, canals, reservoirs, roads, and waterproofing of structures.

Geocomposites

a combination of geosynthetic components, usually sheet or edge drains consisting of a prefabricated core to which a geotextile filter is bonded. (Filter and 2 composition)

Geocomposites

The core provides void space to which water can flow in-plane while the geotextile filter keeps soil from filling the voids created by the core.

Geonets

consist of a continuous extrusion of polymeric ribs forming void space through which provide in-plane flow capacity; available with or without bonded geotextile filters. (Protection)

Geonets

____ with bonded geotextile filters are sometimes called composite drainage nets (CDNS)

geocell

•these are three-dimensional prefabricated polymeric systems ranging from 100mm to 200mm high.

•The — systems are collapsed for delivery to the site, spread open and filled to form a three-dimensional reinforced mattress upon arrival at a site.

geocell

•Originally developed to rapidly stabilize soft subgrades for mobilization of large equipment.

•They are now frequently used for protection and stabilization of steep slope surfaces and protective linings for channels.

Slope- erosion protection materials

•Used for both temporary and permanent erosion protection.

•Temporary materials consist of open mesh polymeric systems, biodegradable mesh system (e.g., coco coir, jute), or a combination of polymeric and biodegradable mesh.

Slope- erosion protection materials

•The open mesh systems serve as semi-permanent mulch, anchoring seeds and soil particles subject to erosive flow in channels.

•Greater flow rates and volumes usually require denser mesh and more durable construction.

Termite proofing

physical barrier that prevents termites from accessing the wood in a home. There are a variety of methods.

Termite Resistant Sand

This is a layer of sand that must be large enough to prevent termites from moving through it or prevents its use in their "tunnel" construction.

Termite Resistant Sand

•A sand barrier would be more uniform, more effective than a chemical barrier and would not require reapplication as chemical barriers often do, are environmentally friendly and would help to greatly reduce the load of toxic chemicals the urban environment.

•would likely contribute to the water-proofing of basement foundations.

termite mesh

•Steel mesh product that is fine enough to keep even tiny termites from passing through it.

•____ ___ is used in slab construction also used to wrap pipes and other access areas.

Home Construction

Sheeting System: In particularly high-risk termite environments, homes are sometimes designed on high concrete pillars to physically separate the home from the distance termites can travel from their colony

Chemical Barriers

The objective is to establish a continuous termiticide barrier between soil access routes and the structure, either killing or repelling subterranean termites that attempt to reach the structure. A termiticide is a type of chemical used to control termites.

WHEN: before magbuhos / pre-construction

BRAND: Soilguard

Pre-construction chemical barriers

• Almost always applied during construction to the soil and foundation; or

• the use of termite resistant building products, from drywall to floor joints treated with borates before use in home construction

Chemical Vertical Barriers

* Applied by rodding or trenching around the base of foundations, plumbing, utility entrances, expansion joints, and

• where two slabs will join, applying 4 gallons of termiticide per 10 linear feet; for trenches no wider than 6 inches, apply termiticide to the trench, and mix with backfill.

• Hollow block voids of foundations should also be treated with 4 gallons of termiticide per 10 linear feet.

Chemical Vertical Barriers

Hollow block voids of foundations should also be treated with 4 gallons of termiticide per 10 linear feet.

Chemical Horizontal Barriers

Applying one gallon of termiticide per 10 square feet, usually by coarse spray at low pressure.

• All termite treatments to slab construction should include horizontal barriers, which are relatively easy to apply.

Chemical Slab treatment

* involves drilling through the slab floor and injecting termiticides into the soil at regular intervals.

Chemical Basements and Crawl Spaces

trenches are dug around the foundation, termiticide applied and the trench filled back in. Chemicals may also be injected into the soil in the crawl space/ basement and around the foundation.

Chemical Colony Elimination System

• The objective is to continuously attract the termite workers to forage on a slow-acting insect growth regulator (IGR) called hexaflumuron to eliminate the entire workers population and the entire colony.

• The system employ baits and monitoring devices installed where evidence infestation is found.

Paving

• is a material that provides a wearing surface for pedestrian or vehicular traffic in the environment

• The thickness and its construction depend upon the ff:

• intensity and type of loads to be carried by traffic; and

• The sub-grade’s bearing capacity and its permeability

Pavement

Usually the first procedure in the Residential Project, while the last procedure in Commercial Projection

Flexible Pavements

* pavements that consist of concrete, brick or stone unit pavers laid out on a sand setting bed that is somehow resilient and which distributes loads to the sub-grade in a radiating manner.

* In order to restrain its horizontal movement, it will require wood, steel, stone or concrete edging

Rigid Pavements

* pavements made of reinforced concrete slabs or paving units mortared over a concrete slab.

* distributes the loads internally, transferring them to the sub-grade over a large and broad area.

Rigid Pavements

This type of pavement requires reinforcements and extension of the base materials along their

Turf Pavements

pavements made of unit pavers with spacing in between to accommodate grass or ground covers over a top soil mix.

• not ideal for high foot traffic / urbanized area

Paving Patterns

• Paving units or pavers have variety of shapes and can produce different patterns.

• can create a large, durable area with choices of different colors, shapes and patterns.

• can absorb heating and movement and can withstand flexing under pressure rather than cracking

Pavers

can be used for driveways, patios, sidewalks, porch floors, garden paths, etc., but its underlying gravel and sand bed must be properly prepared.

Stamped Concrete

Concrete pavement that is patterned or textured / embossed to resemble brick

Tactile Pavers

a system of textured ground surface found on footpaths, stairs and station platforms to warn pedestrians who are visually impaired.

Subgrade and Base Course Materials

For roads and parking

Choker Aggregate

A filter layer of finer material laid over a coarse road base material in order to provide a stable foundation of fine aggregate for the construction of a pavement

Hot Mix Asphalt or asphaltic concrete

Bituminous Surfacing:

• A dark brown to black cementitious material, solid or semi-solid, composed of bitumens which occur in nature but are obtained artificially in refining flexing under pressure rather than cracking

Cold Mix Asphalt

Bituminous Surfacing:

• asphaltic concrete prepared with a relatively light and slow-curing asphalt, placed over a prepared surface without heat; hardens to a state that is less firm and durable than hot-mix asphaltic concrete

Asphaltic Macadam

Bituminous Surfacing:

• formed by grading and compacting layers of crushed-stone or gravel, then binding the top layer with asphalt to stabilize the stone, provide a smoother surface, and seal against water penetration

Asphalt Overlay

Bituminous Surfacing:

• when one or more courses or layers of asphalt, an asphalt leveling course made of an asphalt and aggregate mixture of variable thickness to correct the contour of existing surface, are placed on existing pavement

Bituminous Surfacing:

• a type of road construction pioneered by John Loudon McAdam in 1820. A simplified method where single sized aggregate layers of stone with a coating of binder as a cementing agent are mixed in an open structured macadam

Lime

one of the oldest manufactured building materials which is used both as a mortar and plaster by early civilizations.

• Greeks used it extensively for mortars and plasters in their structures and sculptures.

• However, the Romans were the first to develop the first real cement by mixing lime putty and volcanic ash.

Quicklime

possesses a great affinity for water; used primarily in masonry mortar

• must first be slaked or hydrated before it can be used.

Slaking or Hydration

Is the process of mixing quicklime with water during which water is absorbed and heat is energetically evolved, driving off much of the excess water in the form of steam

• the lime burst into pieces and is finally reduced to powder, becoming calcium hydroxide (C(OH)2)

Hydrated lime

Ready to use, is obtainable in the ff. types:

• Mason’s hydrated lime

• Finishing hydrated lime

• Special finishing hydrated lime

Mason’s hydrated lime

Made from quicklimes in the plant; used in mortars, base coat plaster and concrete.

Finishing Hydrated Lime

Characterized by whiteness and plasticity; used in finishing coat of Plaster

Special Finishing Hydrated Lime

This may be used one half hour after being made into a putty, as the plasticity will develop within this time.

Gypsum

Like lime, was used as a plaster by the Egyptians, Greek ls, and Romans

• In architectural terminology the words "Plaster" and "___" are often used interchangeably.

• _____ rock is finely grounded and heated (calcined) to between 325 °F to 340 °F and when it loses about three-fourths of its combined water content, the remaining product:

  • is called Plaster of Paris (if pure gypsum is used),

  • is called hard wall plaster if 39.5% impurities are present in its composition.

Plaster

Gypsum rock is finely grounded and heated (calcined) to between 325 °F to 340 °F and when it loses about three-fourths of its combined water content, the remaining product:

• is called _____ of Paris (if pure gypsum is used),

• is called hard wall plaster if 39.5% impurities are present in its composition.

Hard finishing plaster

is the result of heating gypsum to 400 °F, where almost all the combined water content is drawn off and the time of set is retarded, e.g. Keene's cement which is the densest and is used with lime putty to slow the time of set somewhat.

Gypsum Plaster

Is rendered more plastic by the addition of hydrated lime

Fiber or hair

Is also sometimes added for greater cohesiveness

• ___may be of hemp, sisal or jute while the hair is generally cleaned goat or cattle hair

Cement

• was first developed by the Romans by mixing slaked lime with pozzolana (volcanic ash) which hardened under the water, but the art was lost with the fall of the Roman Empire.

• In 1756, Smeaton, an Englishman, rediscovered hydraulic cement, but it was not until 1824 that Joseph Aspdin, an English bricklayer and mason, invented and patented portland cement

Portland Cement

Today, the qord “cement” generally refers to ____ ____ which is the principal type of cement in use

Blended cement

In the Philippines, bagged cement sold in hardware stores are not pure portland cement but is _____ _____

Alumina Cement

• Utilizes bauxite, the ore from which aluminium is made, as the major raw material; also called as a quick-setting cement.

  * Ex. Also known as Aluminous Cement or Calcium Aluminate Cement; it resists hydroxylic compounds, such as phenols, glycerol and sugar; may be used as accelerating admixture in Portland Cement.

High Alumina Cement

Alumina Cement

Also known as Aluminous Cement or Calcium Aluminate Cement; it resists hydroxylic compounds, such as phenols, glycerol and sugar; may be used as accelerating admixture in Portland Cement.

Masonry Cements

• These are prepared mixtures of Portland cement with hydrated lime, granulated slag, silica, etc.

• Small additions of calcium stearate, petroleum, colloidal clays and other admixtures with the ingredients and proportions varying widely and usually patented.

Natural Cements

• These are cements made of natural raw materials found mixed in the correct proportions, needing only grinding and burning in a kiln to produce a cement.

• Used principally in masonry mortars, and as admixture in Portland Cement Concrete

• ___ ____ sets more rapidly than Portland cement and are slower in developing strength.

Natural Cements

sets more rapidly than Portland cement and are slower in developing strength.

Pozzolanic Cement

• Is the type of cement made of lime mortar and pozzolanic material.

• Various natural materials contain active silica, among them pozzolan (volcanic ash), granulated slag and pumice.

Slag Cement

Example of Pozzolanic Cement

Flyash

Example of Pozzolanic Cements

• fine particles of ash recovered from waste gases of a solid fuel furnace; it is a pozzolan, a substance containing aluminous and siliceous material that forms cement in the presence of water. When mixed with lime and water, flyash forns a compound similar to Portland cement.

Natural and Slags Cement

• are not used except in unexposed structures where mass and weight rather than strength are essential features.