GERTC MSTC Terms: Construction (Nunnally)

Plate line capacity

the bucket volume contained

within the bucket when following the outline of the bucket

sides

Struck capacity

bucket capacity when the load is

struck off flush with the bucket sides

Water line capacity

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assumes a level of material flush with the lowest edge of the

bucket (i.e., the material level corresponds to the water level

that would result if the bucket were filled with water)

Heaped volume

the maximum volume that can be placed

in the bucket without spillage based on a specified angle of

repose for the material in the bucket

Excavator

defined as a power-driven digging machine

crane shovel

family of cable-operated construction machines

Arms, extendible

Replaces the standard stick to provide

extra reach.

Auger

Drills holes for poles, posts, soil sampling, and

ground improvement.

hydraulic excavator

original and most common form of hydraulically powered excavator

backhoe

an

excavator designed primarily for excavation below grade. As

the name implies, it digs by pulling the dipper back toward

the machine

hydraulic shovel

digs with a combination of crowding force and breakout (or

prying) force

draglines

very versatile machine that has the longest

reach for digging and dumping of any member of the craneshovel family

clamshell

When the crane shovel is equipped with a crane boom and

clamshell bucket, it becomes an excavator known as

pipe jacking

involves forcing pipe horizontally through the soil.

horizontal earth boring

horizontal hole is created

mechanically or hydraulically with the pipe to be installed

serving as the casing for the hole. Some of the many installation methods used include auger boring, rod pushing

(thrust boring), rotational compaction boring, impact piercing, horizontal directional drilling, and fluid boring. A

Microtunneling or utility tunneling

similar to the

conventional tunneling except for the tunnel size and use

Pipe bursting

uses a high-powered hydraulic

or pneumatic piercing tool equipped with a special bursting

head to shatter the existing pipe and enlarge the opening

Cranes

are primarily used for lifting, lowering, and transporting loads. They move loads horizontally by swinging or

traveling.

Fixed time

represents those components of cycle time

other than travel time. It includes spot time (moving the

unit into position to begin loading), load time, maneuver

time, and dump time.

Variable time

epresents the travel time required for a

unit to haul material to the unloading site and return.

20 + 6(cm. penetration) [kg/ton]

40 + 30 (in. penetration) [lb/ton]

Rolling Resistance Factor Formula

10(grade in %) [kg/ton]

20(grade in %) [lb/ton]

Grade Resistance Factor

dozer or bulldozer

tractor equipped with a front-mounted earthmoving

blade is known as a; moves earth

by lowering the blade and cutting until a full blade load of material is obtained

Granular Admixtures

Soil blending with granular

material is often used to produce a well-graded mixture,

without excessive fines, which is suitable for compaction.

Portland cement

The effectiveness of portland cement

as an admixture diminishes rapidly as the soil's plasticity

index exceeds 15. The soil-cement mixture may need to be

placed in multiple lifts to obtain depths greater than about

8 in. (20 cm).

Lime

The use of quicklime results in much faster strength

gain than does hydrated lime. However, quicklime is hazardous to handle.

Asphalt

Asphalt admixtures are generally not effective in

soils having more than about 30% fines by weight or a plasticity index greater than about 10

Grading

the process of bringing earthwork to the desired

shape and elevation (or grade)

Finish grading, or simply

finishing

involves smoothing slopes, shaping ditches, and

bringing the earthwork to the elevation required by the plans

and specification.

prime coat

a coating of light bituminous material

applied to a porous unpaved surface. The purpose of the

prime coat is to seal the existing surface and to provide a

bond between the existing surface and the new bituminous

surface.

Tack Coat

a thin coating of light bituminous material

applied to a previously paved surface to act as a bonding

agent.

dust palliative

a substance applied to an unpaved

surface to reduce the amount of dust produced by vehicular

traffic and wind.

fog seal

light application of a slow-setting asphalt

emulsion diluted by one to three parts of water. It is used

to seal small cracks and voids and to rejuvenate old asphalt

emulsion slurry seal

composed of a mixture of

slow-setting asphalt emulsion, fine aggregate, mineral filler,

and water

sand seal

composed of a light application of a

medium-viscosity liquid asphalt covered with fine aggregates.

1. Sweep the existing surface.

2. Apply prime coat and cure, if required.

3. Apply binder at the specified rate.

4. Apply aggregate at the specified rate.

5. Roll the surface.

6. Sweep again to remove loose stone.

The sequence of operations involved in placing a single

surface treatment is as follows:

Penetration macadam,

as a pavement, is constructed using equipment and procedures very

similar to those employed for constructing aggregate surface

treatments.

Road mixes or mixed-in-place construction

re produced by mixing binder with aggregate directly on the

roadway

Warm-mix asphalt

produced at a temperature 50-100°F

(10-38°C) lower than usual hot-mix temperatures of

300-350°F (149-177°C

Resurfacing

involve surface treatments or overlays of

asphalt or concrete

Restoration and rehabilitation

broad

terms that include any of the work required to return the

highway to an acceptable condition

Recycling

consists of the demolition

of old pavement, recrushing of the pavement material, and

reusing it in new asphalt or concrete mixes

1. A settlement of 0.25 in. (6.35 mm) on the net settlement

vs. load curve.

2. The load determined by the tangent method previously

described.

3. The load that corresponds to the point on the net settlement vs. load curve where the slope equals 0.01 in.

per ton (0.28 mm/t).

A procedure used by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers determines

ultimate pile capacity as the average of the following three

values:

pier

simply a column, usually of reinforced concrete,

constructed below the ground surface. It performs much the

same function as a pile. That is, it transfers the load of a

structure down to a stronger rock or soil layer.

shoring

Lateral support for the sides of an excavation is usually provided

Timber Shoring

employs vertical timber

uprights placed against the sides of the excavation, either in a

continuous fashion or at intervals.

Aluminum hydraulic shoring

employs prefabricated vertical rails as uprights with attached hydraulic

cylinder crossbraces.

Lagging

nothing more than sheeting placed horizontally

Sheet piling

sheeting of concrete, steel, or timber that

is designed to be driven by a pile driver.

Vacuum Wells

wellpoints that are

sealed at the surface by placing a ring of bentonite or clay

around the well casing.

Electroosmosis

the process of accelerating the flow of water through a soil by the application of a

direct current

Grouting or pressure grouting

process of injecting a

grouting agent into soil or rock to increase its strength or stability, protect foundations, or reduce groundwater flow.

Curtain grouting

produces a linear deep, narrow zone

of grout that may extend to a depth of 100 ft (30 m) or more.

It is commonly employed to form a deep barrier to water

flow under a dam.

Hardwood

produced from

deciduous (leaf-shedding) trees.

Softwood

comes from

conifers (trees having needlelike or scalelike leaves), which are

primarily evergreens

Timber

broadly classified as

lumber having a smallest dimension of at least 5 in. (12.7 cm).

Glulam

is composed

of layers of wood 2 in. (5 cm) or less in thickness which are

glued together to form a solid structural member.

Plywood

a wood structural material formed by gluing

three or more thin layers of wood (veneers) together with

the grain of alternate layers running perpendicular to each

other.

Particleboard

produced in sheets by bonding wood

chips together with resin

Waferboard

similar to particleboard except that it is

manufactured from larger wood chips.

Consolidation

the process of removing air voids in concrete as it is placed.

Finishing

the process of bringing the surface of concrete to

its final position and imparting the desired surface texture.

Screeding

the process of striking off the

concrete in order to bring the concrete surface to the

required grade

Floating

smooths and compacts the surface while embedding aggregate particles

Troweling

with a steel trowel follows

floating when a smooth dense surface is desired

Curing

The process of providing the required

water and maintaining a favorable temperature for a period of

time after placing concrete is referred to

Vacuum dewatering

may be employed to reduce the

amount of free water present in plastic concrete after the

concrete has been placed and screeded

Structural Concrete

1. Unstable form bracing and poor form alignment evidenced by form bulging, spreading, or inaccurately

aligned members.

2. Poor alignment of reinforcing steel and exceeding prescribed tolerances.

3. Obvious cold joints in walls.

4. Excessively honeycombed wall areas.

5. Belated form tie removal, form stripping, and patching.

6. Inadequate compaction (mechanical vibration, rodding,

or spading).

Concrete Slabs on Grade

1. Poor compaction of subgrade evidenced by slab

settlement.

2. Saturation and damage to subgrade caused by water

standing around foundation walls and/or inadequate

storm drainage.

3. Uneven floor slab finishes.

4. Inadequate curing of floor slabs.

A review by the U.S. Army Corps of

Engineers has produced the following ist of repetitive deficiencies observed in concrete construction:

course

horizontal layer of brick in

the plane of the wall

wythe

vertical section one brick thick

Headjoints

vertical mortar joints between

brick ends

Masonry grout

luid mixture of cement, sand, and

water or cement and water