Oral Communication 2nd Quarter

Intrapersonal

involves talking to yourself. It may involve deliberation, where you think about your decisions or possible courses of action.

Interpersonal

• involves talking to one or a limited number of people.

• This requires you to adjust your speech to suit the character and personality of the person or people you talk to.

Dyad

interpersonal communication between two people.

Small group

between three or more people.

Public Communication

involves communicating to a wide group of people with varied traits, background, interests, and persuasions.

Speech Styles

vary depending on the context, audience, and purpose of communication. Understanding these different styles is crucial for effective communication in various situations.

Frozen Style

also known as fixed speech, is the most formal communicative style. It is often used in respectful situations or formal ceremonies. This style employs complex grammatical sentence structures and vocabulary known only to experts in a particular field.

Formal Style

uses formal words and expressions. It is more often seen in writing than in speaking. This speech style is expected to be presented in complete sentences with specific word usage. It usually consists of elaborate complex sentences and well-structured noun phrases that are logically sequenced and strongly coherent.

Consultative Style

known as the Third Level of language, is characterized by unplanned speech. This style uses listener participation and feedback. It is less appropriate for writing and more suited for spoken communication.

Casual or Informal Style - Part 1

Casual or informal style is used in conversations between friends and insiders who have shared background information. It features free and easy participation of both speaker and listener.

Casual or Informal Style - Part 2

Casual or informal style allows for the use of slang, profanity, and unconventional English words. The diction or vocabulary is informal (colloquial). It often uses shortened words or phrases.

Intimate Style

used in conversations
between people who are very close and
know each other quite well. It is
characterized by an economy of words,
with a high incidence of significant
nonverbal communication, such as
gestures, facial expressions, and eye
contact. There is free and easy
participation of both the speaker and
listener, and it is far more elliptical than
other styles.

Speech Acts

are utterances that perform specific functions in communication.

Utterance with Intent

Speech acts are
utterances made to
achieve a specific effect.

Functional Diversity

Functional Diversity

Speech acts serve
various functions,
including apologies,
greetings, requests,
complaints, invitations,
compliments, and
refusals.

Context Dependent

The effectiveness of a
speech act often
depends on the context
and shared
understanding between
speakers.

What are Austin's Three Acts of Speech?

Locutionary Act
Illocutionary Act
Perlocutionary Act

Locutionary Act

Saying something in
a literal sense.

The basic act of producing sounds and words
with literal meaning.

Example: "The
floor is wet."

Illocutionary Act

The intention behind
the statement.

The speaker’s intent or function behind saying
something, such as a request, warning, or promise.

Example: "The
floor is wet" could
imply a warning.

Perlocutionary Act

The effect the
statement has on the
listener.

The effect that the statement has on the listener.

Example: Upon
hearing "The floor is
wet," someone
might walk carefully.

Searle's Classification

Assertives
Directives
Expressives
Declarations
Commissive

Assertives

Speakers express beliefs about truth. Examples include suggesting, swearing, boasting, and concluding. These commit the speaker to the truth of the expressed proposition.

Directives

Speakers attempt to get the addressee to do something. This category includes asking, ordering, requesting, inviting, advising, and begging.

Expressives

Thanking

Expressing
appreciation for
benefits received or
kindness shown.

Apologizing

Expressing regret
for wrongdoing or
causing
inconvenience.

Welcoming

Expressing pleasure
at someone's arrival
or presence.

Deploring

Expressing strong
disapproval or
regret about a
situation.

Declarations

bring about changes in the world
solely by declaring it so.

They typically require specific institutional
contexts and roles to be effective.

include firing, baptizing,
marrying, declaring war, and adjourning
meetings.

Commissive

a type of speech act where a speaker commits themselves to a future course of action, such as promising, vowing, or threatening to do something.

Communicative Strategies

are techniques that help us convey our
messages more effectively, manage interactions, and overcome barriers in conversation.

These strategies are collectively described as topic
management and considered to be very important in
ensuring smooth interaction between speakers and
listeners.

Nomination

• The topic must be identified or
  nominated.
  

allows the
listeners or audience to tune in to
the topic, recall background
information they have about it, and
prepare them to listen to what is to
be said about the topic.

Let’s talk about…

I would like to talk to about…

Today I am going to discuss/talk about…

RESTRICTION

• A speaker must  ____ the topic of discussion to make it specific enough to be manageable.

is determined and limited by the amount of time given to a speaker.

TURN-TAKING

during a discussion involves
changing from one speaker to another in a way
that does not disrupt the communication
process. In proper turn-taking, speakers must
know when to take their turn or allow others to
speak.

This means one speaker should not take too
much time in speaking.

TOPIC CONTROL

means the speaker should focus
on the topic without straying into other
discussions.

The speaker must not allow any incidental
mention of the other topics from taking the
attention away from what he or she talking about.

TOPIC SHIFTING

When changing from one topic to another, the
speaker should prepare the audience or listeners
for the change. The change must be done
smoothly by using known expressions that signal
a change of topic.  a shift in communicative
strategy may affect the message.

Let us now turn to the issue/topic of…

I will now talk about…

In addition to (current topic), there is also the (next topic)…

REPAIR

• Sometimes a speaker misunderstood by the
  audience. In this case, the speaker must clarify
  what he or she is saying.

The speaker must ____ this miscommunication
by rephrasing or using other words that express
the meaning better to his her audience.

as a shift in communicative strategy can affect
the delivery of a message and the duration of the interaction.

I mean…

What I mean is…

Let me rephrase that…

In other words…

Let me say that again…

TERMINATION

• Any speech or discussion must be terminated properly.

• Without doing so, the listeners or participants would be
  left wondering what happened to the discussion and
  will not understand whether the topic was fully
  discussed or not.

Let me end by saying…

In conclusion…

In summary…

We were able to discuss…