Comprehensive Review of Lymphatic, Respiratory, and Digestive Systems

What makes up the lymphatic system?

Lymph, lymph vessels, lymphoid tissues, organs, and lymphocytes.

What are the components of lymph?

Mainly interstitial fluid, proteins, lymphocytes, and macrophages.

What are the functions of the lymphatic system?

Produce, maintain, and distribute lymphocytes; maintain blood volume and eliminate chemical components of interstitial fluid; provide an alternative route for hormones, nutrients, and waste.

What structures are present in lymph vessels and veins but not in arteries?

Valves; they prevent backflow.

What are the primary lymphoid tissues?

Red bone marrow and thymus.

What are the secondary lymphoid tissues?

Lymph nodes and spleen.

What do lymphocytes respond to and what is the goal of their response?

They target invasive pathogens and produce antibodies.

What are the functions of the respiratory system?

Gas exchange, move air to and from the exchange surface, protect respiratory surfaces, sound production, and regulate blood volume, blood pressure, and body pH.

What is the function of the conducting zone of the respiratory system?

Transport, warming, and moistening air.

What structures are associated with the conducting zone?

Nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles.

What is the function of the respiratory zone?

Gas exchange.

What structures are associated with the respiratory zone?

Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli.

What type of tissue lines most of the respiratory tract?

Pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium.

What is the epiglottis and what type of tissue is it made of?

Covers the larynx when swallowing to prevent choking; made of elastic cartilage.

What type of tissue makes up the carina, tracheal rings, thyroid cartilage, and cricoid cartilage?

Hyaline cartilage.

List the branches of the lower respiratory tract from trachea to alveoli.

Trachea → Primary bronchi → Secondary bronchi → Tertiary bronchioles → Alveoli.

Where does gas exchange occur?

Alveoli.

Name the types of alveoli cells and their functions.

Type I: Structural; Type II: Produces surfactant.

What are the muscles involved with breathing?

Diaphragm, external and internal intercostals, sternocleidomastoid, and scalenes.

Is inspiration an active or passive process?

Active process.

Is expiration an active or passive process?

Passive process.

What are the structures of the digestive tract?

Alimentary canal (mouth to anus).

What are the accessory organs of the digestive system?

Salivary glands, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, and teeth.

What are the functions of the digestive system?

Digestion, ingestion, propulsion, absorption, defecation, and compaction.

What are the layers of the digestive tract from the lumen out?

Lumen, mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa.

What is the muscularis externa of the upper esophagus made of?

1/3 skeletal muscle, 1/3 mixed muscle, 1/3 smooth muscle.

What are the rugae of the stomach?

Folds that expand when we eat.

What is the main function of the small intestine?

Nutrient absorption.

What aids in nutrient absorption in the small intestine?

Plicae circulares, villi, and microvilli.

What are the three anatomical regions of the small intestine?

Duodenum, jejunum, ileum.

What are the four anatomical regions of the large intestine?

Ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid.

What is the purpose of villi in the small intestine?

Increase surface area for absorption.

What is the mesentery?

Fatty tissue that supports the intestines.

What are the functions of the salivary glands?

Produce saliva.

What is the function of the liver?

Produce bile.

What is the function of the pancreas?

Enzyme production.

What is the function of the gallbladder?

Stores bile.