metals and non metals

Ionic compounds

1. Exist in solid state

2. High melting and boiling point

3. Soluble

4. Good conductors of electricity in molten& aqueos solution

5. Formed by transfer of electrons

Covalent compounds

1. Sharing of electrons

2. Low melting boiling point

3. Insoluble

4. Do not conduct electricity in aqueous or molten solution

5. Exist in all state

Ores

Minerals which contain high percentage of metal

Ore extraction of highly reactive metals

Electrolysis of molten ore

Pure metal

Extraction of metals of medium reactivity

Carbonate- calcination

Sulphate- roasting

Extraction of metals of low reactivity

Sulphide ore

Roasting

Ore of mercury

Cinnabar (HgS)

Thermite reaction example

Iron oxide with aluminium used to join railway tracks or machine parts

Refining of copper

1. Impure metal at anode

2. Pure metal sheet at cathode

3. Metal from cathode dissolves due to current

Lustrous non metal

Iodine

Allotropes of carbon

Diamonds, graphite, fullerene

Lithium, sodium, potassium

Alkali metals. Soft

Anodizing

Process of forming thick oxide layer of aluminum to prevent corrosion

Acids/base + metals →

Salt + hydrogen gas

Nitric acid amd hydrogen gas

Strong oxidizing agent

corrosion

Gradual destruction by air and or any other substance around it

Galvanization

Protecting articles from rusting by coating them with zinc

Thermite reaction

Exothermic reaction between metal and metal oxide

Anodizing process

Aluminum article is made at anode and is electrolyzed with diluted hydrogen sulfate.

The oxygen evolved reacts with aluminum to form an thick oxide layer on surface

Brass

Copper and zinc

Solder

Tin and lead

Stainless stell

Chromium, iron and nickel

Alloy

Homogenous mixture of two or more metals or a metal and non metal