APHG Midterm

Fieldwork

Human Geography

the study of the processes that have shaped how humans understand, use, and alter Earth

Globalization

The expansion of economic, cultural, and political processes through the increasing inter-connectedness of countries around the world due to improved, efficient transportation and communication.

Physical Geography

The natural processed and distribution of features in the environment.

Spatial Reasoning

the core skill of understanding where things are, why they are arranged that way, and how this impacts human activities, patterns, and connections between places, using maps, data, and models to analyze space, distance, and location

Spatial patterns

The way in which things are arranged in a particular space.

pandemic

widespread outbreaks of infectious diseases

Epidemic

the rapid increase in the number of cases of a contagious disease within a specific population or geographical area over a short period of time.

Location

the position that a point or object occupies on Earth

Location theory

Region

an area of Earth's surface with certain characteristics that make it cohesive yet distinct from other areas

Place

a location on Earth that is distinguished by its physical and human characteristics.

Site

a place's absolute location, as well as its physical characteristics, such as the landforms, climate, and resources

Situation

location of a place in relation to other places or its surrounding features

Topography

World Systems Theory

theory describing the spatial and functional relationships between countries in the world economy; categorizes countries as part of a hierarchy consisting of the core, periphery, and semi-periphery

Sense of place

Quantitative Data

involving data that can be measured by numbers

Qualitative Data

involving data that is descriptive of a research subject and is often based on people's opinions

Movement

Spatial Interaction

Distance

Landscape

Sequent Occupance

the notion that successive societies leave behind their cultural imprint, a collection of evidence about human character and experiences within a geographic region, which shapes the cultural landscape

Cartography

the science and process of making maps 'cartographers' do this.

reference Maps

Maps you refer to for specific info. like state boundaries, topographic features, etc. There's no interpretation of the data, just data itself.

Thematic Maps

Uses color, shapes, or other features to tell a story or interpret data for specific analysis.

Chloropleth Maps

Uses color variations or shaping to show variations in data of intensity of a particular pattern/process.

Graduated Symbols Map

Uses geometric shapes that get larger or smaller to show the variations in data.

Absolute Location

the exact location of an object, usually expressed in coordinates of longitude and latitude

Global Positioning System

relative Location

a description of where a place is in relation to other places or features

Mental Map

internalized representations of portions of Earth's surface

Activity Space

Remote Sensing

Making connections w/o making physical contact. Is used by satellites and drones.

geographic Information Systems

Refers to sophisticated mapping software that creates maps w/ multiple layers of data.

Much of the data is collected from public records and satellite imaging.

Helps geographers analyze how data is collected and intersected. Us

Formal Region

an area that has one or more shared traits; also called a uniform region

Functional Region

an area organized by its function around a focal point, or the center of an interest or activity

Perceptual Region

a type of region that reflects people's feelings and attitudes about a place; also called a vernacular region

Environmental Determinism

the idea that human behavior is strongly affected, controlled, or determined by the physical environment

Possibilism

theory of human-environment interaction that states that humans have the ability to adapt the physical environment to their needs

Cultural Ecology

Political Ecology

Local Scale

he smallest level of analysis, focusing on specific communities, neighborhoods, towns, or even census tracts to study detailed patterns like local economies, crime, or development, revealing issues often hidden by broader national or global views, and emphasizing how global trends affect specific places.

Regional Scale

Regional scale refers to the level of analysis that focuses on specific areas or regions within a broader context, allowing for a detailed understanding of spatial relationships, patterns, and processes.

Global Scale

the broadest level of analysis, examining worldwide patterns, processes, and interconnectedness (like globalization, climate change, or global health) across the entire planet.

Distance Decay

a principle stating that the farther away one thing is from another, the less interaction the two things will have

Time-Space compression

a key geographic principle that describes the ways in which modern transportation and communication technology have allowed humans to travel and communicate over long distances more quickly and easily

Demographic Transition Model

a model that represents shifts in the growth of the world's populations, based on population trends related to birth rate and death rate

What is the 1st stage of the DTM?

High stationary: High birth rates due to high infant mortality rates, need for children to support work in agriculture, and lack of contraception/ family planning. High death rate. Low, but stable total population.

What is the 2nd stage of the DTM?

Early Expanding: Advances in medical care lead to falling death rates. Birth rates remain high as people are slow to believe in the reduced infant and child mortality. Rapid population growth.

What is the 3rd stage of the DTM?

Late Expanding:Birth rates fall as the trend of falling death rates continue. More people use family planning and have access to birth control. Population growth continues, but slows dramatically.

What are factors that influence human distribution of population at different scales?

Population Density

the number of people occupying a unit of land

Arithmetic Density

the total number of people per unit area of land; also called crude density

Physiological Density

the total number of people per unit of arable land

Population Distribution

where people live in a geographic area

Dot map

Uses small dots either in clusters or dispersed to show the concentration of a particular feature or phenomenon.

Census

an official count of the number of people in a defined area, such as a state

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

The average number of children a woman is expected to have in her childbearing years (15-49) in a specific place.

Doubling Time

A calculation of how long it will take for a country to double its current population.

zero Population growth

Natural increase

shows how fast a population grows or shrinks, calculated by subtracting the Crude Death Rate (CDR) from the Crude Birth Rate (CBR), excluding migration effects. 2.1

Crude Birth Rate

Number of births in a year per 1000 people in a given place.

Crude death rate

The corresponding mortality measurement to CBR. The number of deaths per 1,000 people. World av. 8.4.

Population pyramids

They are a combination of two bar charts on their sides.

Unbalanced Pyramid

One shows men the other women.

Snowman pyramid

-Indicates a declining population.

-Bottom 3-5 cohorts are smaller than the ones above.

-Reflects a 'baby boom' and its 'echo' a generation later.

Christmas Tree Pyramid

-Rapidly growing population

-Reflects a country in a lower state of development.

-Lower percentages of older people

-Lower life expectancy

-High IMR

Variegated Pyramid

-No consistent pattern means that there is possibly a lot going on.

-Have to dig in the history.

House Pyramid

-Indicates a slow-growth or slow-decline situation.

-tends to happen in more developed countries.

Unbalanced Pyramid

-There could be a large discrepancy between males and females.

-Include immigrants and guest workers.

Arable land

land that can be used to grow crops

epidemic

ecumene

the permanently inhabited parts of the Earth, where humans have established settlements

carrying capacity

The maximum population that an area can sustain.

dependency ratio

demographics

A way to see how people are earning money versus how many people rely on the wage earners to support them.

urbanization

the increasing percentage of people living in cities

Neo-Malthusian

describing the theory related to the idea that population growth is unsustainable and that the future population cannot be supported by Earth's resources

Friction of Distance

a concept that states that distance requires time, effort, and cost to overcome.

Human Trafficking

a critical topic under forced migration, involving the illegal trade of people via force, fraud, or coercion for exploitation (labor, sex) and is a modern form of slavery, distinct from smuggling due to lack of consent.

Infant Mortality Rate

The number of deaths of children under the age of 1 per 1,000 people.

Life expectancy

The average # of years a person is expected to live in a given place.

Infectious diseases

illnesses caused by germs like viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites, spread through contact, contaminated sources, or vectors

Chronic or degenerative diseases

long-term, slow-progressing conditions, often age-related, marked by gradual loss of function, irreversible damage, and disability

Genetic or inherited diseases

stem from DNA changes, falling into single-gene

pronatalist population policies

describing attitudes or policies that encourage childbearing as a means of spurring population growth

antinatalist population policies

describing attitudes or policies that discourage childbearing as a means of limiting population growth