ELE PEC - Unit 1.1: Overview of Exceptionality

Disorder

It is the broadest of the three terms, referring to a general disturbance in mental, physical, or psychological functioning

Disability

It is more specific than a disorder, resulting from a loss of physical functioning or from difficulty in learning and social adjustment that significantly interferes with typical growth and development

Handicap

It refers to a limitation imposed on the individual by the demands in the environment, relating to the individual’s ability to adapt or adjust to those demands

Exceptional

It may be used to describe an individual whose physical, intellectual, or behavioral performance differs substantially from the norm, either higher or lower

Exceptional

People described as ______ include those with extraordinary abilities

Label

We ______ to:

• Describe, identify, and distinguish one person from another

• Distinguish those who are eligible for special services from those who are not

• Help professionals communicate effectively with one another and provide a common ground for evaluating research findings

• Help identify the specific needs of a particular group of people

Stigmatization

_______ is a challenge because it separate the child from the disorder and problems may be the result of children’s attempts to adapt to abnormal or unusual circumstances

True

According to the DSM-5 Guidelines, the primary purpose of using terms is to help describe and organize complex features of behavior patterns

Developmental Approach

The typical ________ can be described statistically, by observing in large numbers of individuals those characteristics that occur most frequently at a specific age

Cultural View

It is defined by societal values, suggesting that differences can be explained partly by examining the values inherent within a culture

Self-Labeling

It refers to a self-imposed classification, reflecting how we perceive ourselves, not how others see us. Conversely, a person may be labeled by society but not accept that label.

True

Once a label has been affixed to an individual, the two may become inseparable

Environmental Bias

_______ is a type of bias where the environment in which we view someone can clearly influence our perceptions of that person

Neurobiological Perspective

The ______ considers brain and nervous system functions as underlying cases of psychological disorders in children and adults. These influences include generic and constitutional factors, neuroanatomy, and rates of maturation

Genotype

It refers to a person’s total genetic endowement

Phenotype

It refers to the observed structural and functional characteristics that results from an interaction of the genotype and the environment

False

In most cases, genetic factors are already necessary and sufficient to cause mental disorders while also contributing to a vulnerability or diathesis to develop psychopathology that only happens if there is a significant stresson in the person’s life

Passive Effect

A child inherits high verbal ability genes from parents who love reading. The home is filled with books and rich conversations, supporting the child’s language development.

Passive Effect

A child inherits a genetic risk for dyslexia and is born into a family where few reading materials are available and literacy activities are limited, unintentionally reinforcing reading struggles.

Evocative Effect

A child shows early talent in art; teachers notice and give them special projects or enroll them in art contests.

Evocative Effect

A child with ADHD shows hyperactive behavior; teachers respond with stricter routines or parents provide more structure and behavioral interventions.

Active Effect

A musically talented teenager asks to join a band or takes extra music classes, actively finding an environment to nurture their ability.

Active Effect

A child on the autism spectrum prefers quiet, structured environments and chooses to spend time in a calm library or with a small group of friends instead of chaotic places.

Neural Plasticity

It refers to the flexibility of the brain in making changes in organization and function in response to pre- and post-natal experiences, stress, diet, disease, drugs, maturation, and so forth

Neurotransmitters

Chemical substances that are released into the synapse by the presynaptic neuron when a nerve impulse occurs

Emotional Influences

It states and refers that in young children, emotions are a primary form of communication that permits them to explore their world with increasing independence

Temperament

It refers to the child’s organized style of behavior that appears early in development, such as fussiness or fearfulness

Behavioral

Most ______ explanations assume that the child is acting in a situation, and that behavior is not indicative of stable traits

Cognitive Theorists

_______ are interested in how certain thought patterns develop over time and how they relate to particular behavioral strategies, such as problem solving

True

The children’s normal and abnormal development depends on social and environmental contextsT

False

The child’s immediate environment does not begin with their family members and home surroundings, but it rather from the pre-school where they make friends

Social Setting

______ also affect the child eve when the child does not directly experience these influences