Psyc-100- Human Development

zygote, germinal, embryonic, fetal

stages of prenatal development

rapid cell division, implants in uterus, placenta forms

germinal (2 weeks)

1 inch long, looks like human, miscarriages can occur

embryonic (2 weeks - 2 months):

low birth rate concerns, lots of body growth

fetal (2 months- birth):

drug use, alcohol consumption, tobacco use

negative environmental influences to prenatal development

rooting reflex, blinking, palmar grasp, stepping, sucking, startle reflex

sensation and perception of newborns

hearing, turn towards smell of moms milk, vision 8-12 inches

(5 senses) what abilities do new borns have?

familiarity, contact comfort, responsive parenting, temperament

what contributes to attachment?

attachment occurs by who fed the infant/toddler

Harlow's conception

60%, parent leaves, child cries

secure attachment

20%, parent leaves, child not affected

avoidant attachment

15%, parents not consistent, child can be clingy

ambivalent attachment

children are active information processors

Piaget's assumption about children

new experiment into schemas

assimilation

adapt to schemas

accomodation

seeing, hearing, kicking, dominated by reflexes, words, object permeanance

sensorimotor stage (0-2 years)

egocentrism and lack of conservation

preoperational stage (2-7 years)

child sees only from their perspective

egocentrism

doesn't understand properties such as mass and volume remain the same

lack of conservation

reversibility, trouble with analogies, more generic questions

concrete operational stage (7-11)

reasoning expands to abstract, can solve hypothetical questions

formal operational stage (12+)

ages earlier than he thought, development is not stagelike, not everyone reaches formal operation

criticism of Piaget's theory

biological

sex

socially defined sex roles

gender

recognize at least 2 primary gender identities

(Kolhberg's theory) gender identity

sex does not change with age

(Kolhberg's theory) gender constancy

observations, self-socialization

gender roles learned through

actions judged by consequences, punished if wrong

preconventional level

performing right roles, rules are absolute guidelines

conventional

understanding rules and selecting for yourself

postconventional

gender differences in these levels, males and females may differ

cons of kohlbergs approach to moral development

specific facts and concepts

semantic memory

specific events relevant to personal experiences, declines with age

episodic memory

reasoning speedily and abstractly

fluid intelligence

accumulation of knowledge, does not decrease with age

crystallized intelligence