PCM REVIEWER (QUIZ #2)

Communication came from which Latin word…?

Communicare

What are the five skills in communication?

1. Speaking

2. Reading

3. Listening

4. Writing

5. Viewing/Watching

What are the types of communication?

1. Verbal

2. Non-verbal

3. Visual communication

4. Multimedia/Mass media communication

5. Intrapersonal/Interpersonal communication

6. Public communication (20-25 more)

It develops one’s ability to communicate in different context, and teaches you how to tailor your message according to your audience, purpose, and situation.

Purposive communication

It is the process of exchanging information to achieve mutual understanding. Furthermore, it is a continuous and dynamic process that occurs in personal, academic, professional, and social settings

Communication

What would be the ideal way of communication?

Two way process

What are the elements of communication?

1. Sender (source)

2. Message

3. Encoding

4. Channel (medium)

5. Receiver

6. Decoding

7. Feedback

8. Noise (barrier)

9. Context

It is the person who initiates the message

Sender (source)

The information, idea, or feeling being communicated

Message

It is the process of converting ideas into words, symbols, gestures, or images

Encoding

It is the means through which the messages are transmitted

Channel (medium)

It is the person or audience who receives the messages

Receiver

It is the process of interpreting and understanding the message

Decoding

It is the receiver’s response, indicating whether the message was understood

Feedback

It is the factor that interprets with the accurate transmission or interpretation of message

Noise (barrier)

The situation of environment in which communication takes place, including cultural, social, physical and psychological factors

Context

What are the communication models?

1. Linear Model

2. Interactive Model

3. Transactional Model

DESCRIPTION: The communication that flows in one direction, there’s no immediate feedback, it is common in speech, announcements, and broadcasts.

CHARACTERISTIC: One-way communication, sender-centered, limited interaction.

Linear Model

DESCRIPTION: It involves feedback. Participants take turns as sender and receiver, it is a two-way process.

CHARACTERISTIC: Two-way communication, feedback is present, and it is more effective than linear model.

Interactive Model

DESCRIPTION: In here, communication is simultaneous. Both participants act as sender and receiver at the same time, meaning is created collaboratively.

CHARACTERISTIC: Dynamic, continuous, influenced by context, culture, and relationship.

Transactional Model

What are the barriers to effective communication?

1. Physical barrier

2. Semantic barrier

3. Psychological barrier

4. Cultural barrier

5. Physiological barrier

6. Organizational barrier

These are the environmental factors, like noise, poor internet connection, and distance.

Physical barrier

The problems arising from language and meaning, these are the jargon, ambiguous words, technical terms unfamiliar to the audience.

Semantic barrier

These are the emotions or mental conditions, like anxiety, stress, fear, or anger

Psychological barrier

These are the differences in beliefs, customs, values, gesture, language, and religious belief

Cultural barrier

These are the physical conditions like hearing impairment, speech disorders, illness, and fatigue

Physiological barrier

These are problems within institutions like poor communication channels, unclear policies, hierarchical structures.

Organizational barrier

What are the ways of overcoming communication barriers?

1. Listen actively

2. Use clear and simple language

3. Encourage feedback

4. Show empathy and respect

5. Be culturally sensitive

6. Minimize distractions

7. Verify understanding through clarification

These are the use of words to convey messages either spoken or written

Verbal communication

Types of Verbal Communication:

1. Oral communication

2. Written communication

The verbal communication about conversation, presentation, meetings and interviews

Oral communication

These are the emails, reports, letters, and text messages

Written communication

The advantages of written communication:

1. Precise and direct

2. Easy to document

The advantages of oral communication:

1. Allows immediate clarification

The increasing interconnectedness and interdependence of countries through movement of information

Globalization

These are the ways language is used, adapted, and interpreted when people interact.

Linguistic Features in International Communication

Major Linguistic Features:

1. Language Variation

2. Pronunciation and Accent

3. Vocabulary and Lexical Choice

4. Grammar and Syntactic Patterns

5. Pragmatics

6. Politeness and Speech Acts

7. Discourse and Communication Patterns

8. Code-switching and Translanguaging

9. Idioms, Metaphors, and Figurative languages

10. Context and Cultural meaning

English is used differently across countries, occurs in vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation.

Language variation

Speakers may have different accent and speech pattern. Effective communication requires intelligibly rather than adopting.

Pronunciation and Accent

Words may have different meaning or level of appropriateness. Avoid highly localized idioms.

Vocabulary and Lexical Choice

International speakers may have different level or proficiency. Clear and straightforward structure can reduce misunderstanding.

Grammar and Syntactic Patterns

It is how meaning is conveyed according to context

Pragmatics

Request, refusal, and apologies can be expressed differently across cultures

Politeness and Speech Acts

Cultures may differ on how people organize ideas.

Discourse and communication patterns

The shift between languages or use of resources from several languages.

Code-switching and Translanguaging

An umbrella term for any language that goes beyond literal meaning to create vivid imagery or special effects.

Figurative language

A specific figure of speech that directly compares two unrelated things by stating one thing is another.

Metaphor

A culturally specific phrase whose meaning cannot be understood from the literal definitions of its individual words.

Idiom

Linguistic meaning is influenced by cultural knowledge

Context and Cultural Meaning

What are the parts of speech

1. Noun - names

2. Pronoun - replaces nouns

3. Adjective - modifies noun

4. Conjunction - joins ideas (and, or but, because, yet, so)

5. Verb - action

6. Adverb - modifes action

7. Interjection - exclamation

8. Preposition - relationship of noun (at, on, in, from, with, about)

The multi- cultural setting is a reality in most industries at present that we have to accept. Cross- cultural communication cannot be evaded anymore especially if you will be working in a company that has a diverse workforce. When you interact with a multi cultural setting you should learn to observe how communication works in a diverse community or organization. You should look for the similarities and differences in the way people from different cultural background communicate . Also, you must focus on facts and not entertain your personal biases. All these should be considered so that you would avoid conflict because you were misinterpreting or being misinterpreted.

Communication in Multi-Cultural Setting