Paper 2: Ottoman Empire

Abbasid Caliphate

A significant Islamic empire (750–1258) that influenced governance and culture, preceding the Ottoman Empire.

Constantinople

Captured by Mehmed II in 1453, it became the Ottoman Empire's capital and marked the end of the Byzantine Empire.

Dhimma & Dhimmi

Terms related to the protection of non-Muslims under Islamic law, ensuring their rights within the Islamic state.

Devshime System

A recruitment method that converted Christian boys from the Balkans for military or administrative roles.

Grand Vizier

The highest official in the Ottoman Empire, serving as the main advisor to the sultan on governance and military strategy.

Harem

The sultan's private household with political influence, involving wives and concubines.

Hürrem Sultan

Originally a Christian captive, she became Suleiman the Magnificent's legal wife and influenced Ottoman politics.

Jizya

A tax levied on non-Muslims in Islamic states, indicating their protected status.

Janissaries

Elite infantry units formed from Christian boys via the devshirme system, known for their military prowess.

Mehmet II

Ottoman ruler known as 'Mehmed the Conqueror,' who captured Constantinople in 1453.

Millet System

A system allowing religious communities to govern themselves while remaining loyal to the Ottoman state.

Mimar Sinan

Chief architect of the Ottoman Empire in the 16th century, known for integrating architectural styles.

Notables

Powerful provincial elites in the Ottoman Empire crucial for local governance during the 17th century.

Safavids

A Shi'a Islamic empire in Persia, contrasting with the Sunni Ottoman Empire.

Selim I

An early significant sultan whose reign expanded the empire's territory and strengthened religious authority.

Silk Road

Trade routes controlled by the Ottoman Empire, linking Asia, the Middle East, and Europe.

Sokollu Mehmed Pasha

Influential Grand Vizier (1565-1579) who enhanced the Ottoman state's strength during a transitional period.

Suleiman the Magnificent

The greatest Ottoman sultan noted for military expansion and cultural flourishing.

Sultanate of Women

A period when royal women held significant political power in the Ottoman court.

Timar System

An administrative system granting land revenues to cavalry soldiers in exchange for military service.

Topkapi Palace

The central administration and residence of Ottoman sultans in Istanbul.

Ulema

Scholars and legal experts responsible for interpreting Sharia law in the Ottoman Empire.