Biology: Kingdom Test Review

These flashcards cover key concepts from the Biology Kingdom Test Review lecture notes.

What are the characteristics of protists?

Eukaryotic, single-celled or multicellular, diverse group including algae and amoebas, microscopic organisms, reproduce by mitosis, can be autotrophic or mutualistic.

What is the main difference between vertebrates and invertebrates?

Vertebrates have a backbone while invertebrates do not, and invertebrates include organisms like jellyfish and worms.

Give examples of vertebrates and invertebrates.

Vertebrates include birds, reptiles, and fish; invertebrates include jellyfish, worms, spiders, and crabs.

What are the levels of biological organization? (Taxonomy)

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.

What are the types of symmetry in organisms?

Bilateral, radial, and spherical symmetry.

How are fungi important to the ecosystem?

They are natural decomposers, releasing nutrients back into the soil and helping homeostasis.

Define Saprophyte.

A multicellular diploid phase or spore-producing plant.

What are the main characteristics of eubacteria?

Unicellular, prokaryotic, with cell walls and flagella for movement.

What is conjugation in bacteria?

A process where prokaryotes exchange genetic information through a hollow bridge between bacterial cells.

What is binary fission?

A form of asexual reproduction where a cell replicates its DNA and divides in half to produce two identical cells.

What are bacteriophages?

Viruses that infect bacteria and archaea, acting like a wrecking ball that destroys the cell's DNA.

What are the two types of viral infections?

Lytic (virus enters the bacterial cell, replicates, and causes the cell to burst) and lysogenic (virus injects DNA into the cell without immediately destroying it).

Define pathogens.

Disease-causing agents, primarily prokaryotic pathogens in bacteria, which disrupt health and upset homeostasis.

What are the types of anatomy?

Digestive system (breaks down food) and nervous system (coordinates body signals).

What is behavior in organisms?

Reactions of an organism in response to stimuli.

What is insight?

A sudden understanding of a problem that has been learned.

What is conditioning?

A response that is repeated and becomes more familiar.

How do bacteria help with human health?

They aid in digestion, break down organic matter, and help plants grow by fixing nitrogen.

What are the differences between aerobes and anaerobes?

Aerobes require oxygen, while anaerobes do not.

What is the purpose of antibiotics?

To treat and prevent infections caused by bacteria.

How long should you wash your hands?

At least 20 seconds.

What song can you sing to remember handwashing duration?

Singing 'Happy Birthday' from beginning to end twice.

Which is better: broad spectrum or narrow spectrum antibiotics?

Narrow spectrum antibiotics are better as they target specific bacteria and reduce antibiotic resistance.

How can protists move?

They can move using flagella (whip-like), cilia (hair-like), and pseudopodia (false, temporary extensions).

How are fungi different from plants and animals?

Fungi differ in feeding habits, cell wall composition, and reproduction.

What are the main shapes of bacteria?

Spherical (cocci), rod-shaped (bacilli), and spiral-shaped (spirilla).

What are the seven characteristics of life?

Adapt, respond to environment, grow and change, reproduce, have offspring, complex chemistry, maintain homeostasis.

What are the main characteristics of plants?

Eukaryotic, multicellular, and photosynthetic.

What are the main reproductive structures of gymnosperms vs. angiosperms?

Gymnosperms bear seeds in cones; angiosperms bear seeds in flowers.

What are the functions of xylem and phloem?

Xylem carries water up from roots; phloem transports nutrients throughout the plant.

How are seeds spread?

Seeds are spread by adaptations of plants and organisms over time.

What are the three structures of a seed?

Embryo, endosperm, and seed coat.

What are the reproductive cells of male and female structures in plants?

Male: pollen grains inside anthers; Female: ovules protected by the ovary.

Define gravotropism, hydrotropism, and phototropism.

Phototropism: plant grows towards light; Gravotropism: plant grows towards gravity; Hydrotropism: plant grows towards water.

What are auxins?

Hormones that stimulate cell elongation and support the growth of new roots.