Lab: Titration and Solution Chemistry Review

Vocabulary and key concepts from Titration, Solutions, and Acid-Base chemistry notes.

Solution

A mixture of two or more substances consisting of a solute (minor component) dissolved in a solvent (major component).

Solute

The minor component of a solution that is dissolved in the solvent.

Solvent

The major component of a solution in which the solute is dissolved.

Polar Solvent Example

Water ($H_2O$) is a polar solvent that dissolves substances like $KCl$ and $CH_3OH$, but not non-polar substances like $C_6H_{14}$.

Mass Percent

$$\frac{\text{Mass of solute}}{\text{total mass of solution}} \times 100$$

Molarity

$$\frac{\text{Moles}}{L}$$

Dilution Formula

$$M_1 V_1 = M_2 V_2$$

Strong Electrolyte

A substance that exists as all ions in a solution (e.g., $NaCl$, $HCl$).

Weak Electrolyte

A substance that exists mostly as molecules in the solution.

Nonelectrolyte

A substance that does not conduct electricity in solution, such as $C_2H_6$.

Arrhenius Acid

A substance that produces $H^+$ ions in solution.

Arrhenius Base

A substance that produces $OH^-$ ions in solution.

Bronsted-Lowry Acid

A proton ($H^+$) donor.

Bronsted-Lowry Base

A proton ($H^+$) acceptor.

Properties of Acids

Generally taste sour, turn litmus paper red, and can react with metals (like $Ca$, $Mg$) to produce hydrogen gas.

Properties of Bases

Generally taste bitter, feel slippery, and turn litmus paper blue.

The Six Strong Acids

$HCl$, $HBr$, $HI$, $HNO_3$, $HClO_4$, and $H_2SO_4$.

The Six Strong Bases

$LiOH$, $NaOH$, $KOH$, $Ca(OH)_2$, $Ba(OH)_2$, and $Sr(OH)_2$.

Conjugate Acid

The species formed by adding a proton ($H^+$) to a base.

Conjugate Base

The species formed by removing a proton ($H^+$) from an acid.

Autoionization of Water Reaction

$$H_2O + H_2O \rightleftharpoons H_3O^+ + OH^-$$

Ion-product Constant for Water ($K_w$)

$$K_w = [H_3O^+] \times [OH^-] = 1.0 \times 10^{-14}$$

pH

A measure of the concentration of $H_3O^+$ in a solution.

Buffer

Solutions that have both a weak acid and its conjugate base, or a weak base and its conjugate acid.