University of Iowa: Fundamentals of Human Physiology, Final Exam | Quizlet

Cardiac Output

Volume of blood ejected by each ventricle each minute; SV x HR

Stroke Volume

-Measured in ml/beat

-Determined by:

-End diastolic volume

-Total Peripheral Resistance

-SNS

EDV (End Diastolic Volume)

The volume of blood in the right and/or left ventricle at end load or filling in (diastole) or the amount of blood in the ventricles just before systole.

TPR (Total Peripheral Resistance)

The total resistance to flow of blood in the systemic circuit; MAP/CO

Frank-Starling Law

States that the stroke volume of the heart increases in response to an increase in the volume of blood in the ventricles, before contraction (the end diastolic volume), when all other factors remain constant.

Venous return

What increases EDV?

Factors of venous return

-Pressure difference between arteries and veins

-Sympathetic nerve activity to stimulate smooth muscle contraction

-Skeletal muscle pumps

-Blood volume

-Body position

Cardiac

Muscle not at optimal resting length at rest

Increased

Increased EDV results in __________ SV.

Decreased; increased

Stroke volume _______ with _______ Afterload

Afterload

TPR; Resistance to flow

SNS

Increases SV by increasing contractility of the heart and vessels

Heart Rate

Determined by an altering balance of parasympathetic and sympathetic influence on SA node

Ejection fraction

Fraction of blood pumped out with each heart beat; SV/EDV x 100; Normal is 50-65%

Fluid compartments

-Intracellular

-Extracellular

Extracellular fluid

-Interstitial

-Blood

Osmotic Forces

Control the movement of water between the interstitial spaces and the blood, affecting blood volume.

Starling Forces

Predict movement of fluid out of the capillaries at the arteriole end and movement into the capillaries at the venule end.

ADH

-Secreted by the posterior pituitary gland

-Responds to low blood volume and/or increased blood osmolarity

-Increases water retention

Aldosterone

-Secreted by the adrenal cortex in response to low blood pressure

-Regulated by RAAS

-Increases the reabsorption of Na+

Water

Reabsorption of Na+ leads to the increase in _________ volume in blood.

ANP (Atrial Natriuretic Peptide)

-Produced by the atria of the heart when stretched

-Promotes salt and water excretion in urine in response to increased blood volume

-Inhibits ADH secretion

-Antagonist of aldosterone

Pressure

Force exerted by blood

Blood flow

Directly proportional to the pressure gradient

Higher; lower

Blood flows from areas of ________ pressure to areas of ______ pressure.

Resistance

Difficulty for blood to flow at a given pressure difference

Resistance factors

-Blood viscosity

-Vessel length

-Vessel radius

Blood pressure

Force exerted by blood against a vessel wall

-Volume of blood contained within vessel

-Compliance of vessel walls

Stretchability

Compliance of vessel walls

Systolic

Pressure during contraction

Diastolic

Pressure during relaxation

Pulse Pressure

Difference between systolic and diastolic pressure

MAP (Mean Arterial Pressure)

Average pressure driving blood forward into tissues throughout cardiac cycle; DBP + 1/3 (SBP-DBP)

TPR

The sum of all vascular resistance in systemic circulation

Arteries

Major resistance vessels

Extrinsic Regulation

-SNS

-Epinephrine

-Hormones

-Angiotensin II

-Vasopressin

Intrinsic Regulation

-Promote constant blood flow

-Autoregulation

Baroreceptors

Firing of this receptors are proportional to BP; Sense pressure in arteries

Hypertension

Blood pressure above 140/90 mmHG

Hypotension

Blood pressure below 100/60 mmHg

Causes of hypertension

-Defects in salt management by the kidneys

-Excessive salt intake

-Diets low in K+ and Ca2+

-Excess vasopressin

Complications of Hypertension

-Congestive heart failure

-Stroke

-Heart attack

-Hemorrhage

Orthostatic

Type of hypotension that is the result of poor posture

Circulatory shock

Occurs when BP falls so low that adequate blood flow to the tissues can no longer be maintained

Congestive Heart Failure

Occurs when cardiac output is not sufficient to maintain blood flow required by the body; Often secondary to myocardial infarction

Endurance exercise

Increases Stroke volume and decreases HR over time

Functions of the Immune System

-Protect against infection by microbes

-Isolate/remove non-microbial foreign substances

-Destroy cancer cells that arise in the body

Microbes

Classified as Viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites

Innate

Non-specific immune system

Adaptive

Specific Immune System

WBC

Cells of the immune system

Types of WBCs

-Neutrophils

-Eosinophils

-Basophils

-Monocytes

-Lymphocytes

HSC (Hematopoietic Stem Cells)

Leukocytes originate from ___

Multi-potent

Stem cells found in bone marrow; Can only form leukocytes

Innate Immunity

-Body surface defenses

-Inflammation

-Complement system

-Phagocytosis

Inflammation

A local non-specific response to tissue injury

Goals of inflammation

-Isolate, destroy, or inactivate the invaders

-Remove debris

-Prepare for subsequent healing and repair

Inflammation Sequence

-Entry of Microbe

-Vasodilation of infected area

-Increased endothelial permeability

-Chemotaxis

-Extravasion

-Leukocyte invasion

-Destroy microbe

-Tissue repair

Phagocytosis

Two primary cells for this include neutrophils and macrophages

Endogenous pyrogen

Macrophages release ________ _______ in response to bacterial molecules which induces hypothalamus to increase body temperature.

Interferons

Secreted by viral infected cells; Promote resistance to viral infection

Adaptive Immunity

-Specific

-Travels continuously through the body

-Has memory

-Late response

-Response due to recognition of a specific antigen

Antigen

Any foreign molecule capable of triggering an immune response

Lymphoid organs

-Site of maturation

-Site of encounter and activation

Clonal Selection Theory

States that each lymphocyte is specific for a certain pathogen and that exposure to a pathogen can result in the production of clones

Antibody mediated

Adaptive immunity that involves production of antibodies by B lymphocyte derivatives known as plasma cells

Cell mediated

Adaptive immunity that involves the production of activated T lymphocytes

T cells

Directly attack unwanted cells; Help other cells of the immune system

B cell

Surface plasma membrane receptor that binds to a specific antigen; Binding causes the formation of memory cells to enhance future responses

Bacteria

Replicates slower at a high temperature

Cytokine

Chemical messenger

MAC (Membrane Attack Complex)

-Creates a pore on the bacteria

-Higher osmolarity inside the cell causes water to rush into the cell from the outside and causes the cell to burst and die

IgA

Antibody in the lumens of all tracts and secretions

IgE

Antibody that causes allergic reactions

IgG

Main antibody with most function; found in blood; can cross the placenta and into the baby

IgD

Antibody that acts as a receptor on B cells

IgM

First antibodies made by the B cells; Switches to IgG during an infection

Helper T cells

B cells aided by _______ _ _______.

Antibodies

Can directly bind and inactivate toxins or viruses

Cytotic T Cells (Killer)

Destroy host cells harboring anything foreign; CD8+; Virus and cancer cells

Helper T cells

Modulate activities of other immune cells; CD4+

Suppressor T cells (Regulatory)

Dampen the response of other T cells

Antigen Presentation

When an antigen is complexed with body's own protein so the T cell receptor can bind with the antigen; Requires MHC proteins

APC (Antigen Presenting Cells)

-Macrophages

-Dendritic Cells

-B cells

MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex)

-Proteins on almost all cells of body

-Allows the immune system to recognize itself

-Necessary for presentation of antigen

Antigen presentation sequence

-Antigen presenting cells engulf antigen

-Load antigen on MHC protein

-MHC-antigen complex binds to receptor on T cell

-Activation of the T cell

Helper T cells

-Stimulates the development of plasma cells

-Stimulate cytotoxic T cells

Cytotoxic T cells

-Destroy cancer and virus infected cells

-When they contact a cell with an antigen present, secrete performs and granzymes

-Induce lysis of the target cell

Active Immunity

-Generated in response to exposure to microbe

-Primary response forms effector cells and memory cells

-Memory cells provide larger and more rapid response if pathogen returns

-Basis of vaccine

Passive Immunity (Borrowed)

-Results from transfer of antibodies

-Can provide immediate protection or bolster resistance

Autoimmune disease

Inappropriate Immune response; Loss of tolerance: Cytotoxic T cells target Self antigens

Hypersensitivity

Too big of an immune response;

Immunodeficiency

Too small of an immune response; Infects and kills helper T cells; Diminished B and Cytotoxic T cell function

Natural killer cells

-Part of Innate immunity

-Recognizes cancer cells and virus infected cells

-Kill in the same manner as cytotoxic T cells

Cancer

Risk increases with age due to the reduction in thymus function which causes a decrease in cell-mediated immune function

Stress

________ induces the release of cortisol, which is known to suppress the immune system

Lymphomas

Malignant lymphocytes, especially B cells

Leukemia

Malignancies of WBCs originating in the bone marrow

Myeloma

Malignancies of plasma cells found in the bone marrow

Respiratory system functions

-Obtain O2 for use by the body's cells and to eliminate the CO2 the body cells produce

-Vocalization

-Acid/Base balance