Ch. 14: Digestion

follow the order of structures as food passes through the body starting with the mouth.

mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus

what is peristalsis?

wave-like constriction and relaxation of the esophagus and intestines that moves food along

where does the digestion of carbohydrates begin?

the mouth. teeth and enzymes break it down

where does the digestion of protein begin?

the stomach

where does the digestion of lipids begin?

small intestine

the esophagus, stomach, and intestines are all made of ___ muscle

smooth

what are 3 functions of the stomach?

• temporarily store food

• know how fast the small intestine is digesting food

• produce digestive enzymes and digest food

is the esophageal sphincter is spasming, this can result in ____

acid reflux

does the esophagus aid in digestion?

no

Where does most digestion and absorption occur?

small intestine

what structures increase the surface area of the small intestine?

villi and microvilli

what are the accessory organs of the small intestine? (3)

liver, gallbladder, pancreas

what are the functions of the accessory organs in digestion: pancreas (2), gall bladder and liver?

pancreas: makes a neutralizer to neutralize the acid on the food from the stomach and produces digestive enzymes that break down fats, proteins, and carbs

gall bladder: stores and concentrates bile, which goes to the small intestine

liver: produces bile, which is very important for fat digestion

what other function does the pancreas have that is not related to digestion?

it regulates blood glucose

protein is broken down into ____. give examples of what these macromolecules can be used for

amino acids → muscle fibers, antibodies, junctions

carbs are broken down into ____. give examples of what these macromolecules can be used for

monosaccharides → cellular respiration, store some in liver and muscles

lipids are broken down into ____. give an example of what these macromolecules can be used for

fats → phosopholipids

how does the absorption of lipids and protein differ?

proteins and carbs: broken down into subunits and are transported directly across the small intestine into the blood

lipids: emulsified in bile so they can be broken down without sticking back together. transport is more complicated. it is first transported to the lymphatic system and eventually to the bloodstream.

how is bile used in lipid digestion? what is emulsification and how does it help in lipid digestion?

bile emulsifies (covers) lipids so they can be broken down without sticking together again

what happens in the large intestine?

waste (what is not absorbed) is moved here. most water absorption occurs here

what are ulcers? what is the most common cause of ulcers in the stomach and small intestine? Can antibiotics be used to treat most ulcers?

ulcers are damage to the lining of the stomach or upper small intestine. most common cause is bacteria, so yes, antibiotics can be used

what else can make ulcers worse?

stress, coffee, soda

where is the largest amount of bacteria in the digestive tract?

large intestine

why is the microbiome important? talk about all of the 5 articles

• the microbiome may be connected to conditions like cancer, depression, MS, anxiety, and obesity!

• the microbiome may affect the way oral medicines work

• certain microbes can be used to help athletes aid in recovery

• babies not born vaginally or are not breastfed have different colonization of bacteria that are not as beneficial

• certain microbes are linked to higher mortality, so your microbiome can be used to predict how long you’ll live

what kinds of things might you do or eat to lead to a healthier gut microbiome? (7)

• eat more fiber

• eat colorful fruits and veggies

• eat foods rich in polyphenols

• eat fermented foods

• eat foods rich in omega 3s

• let kids play with dirt and dogs

• avoid processed foods