BIOS-251: Exam 1 Review

The study of human structure

Anatomy

The study of human function

Physiology

A tendency for organisms to maintain a balanced or constant internal state

Homeostasis

A state of balance

Equilibrium

Consequences of homeostatic imbalance

Illness or death

Thermoregulation Process

A feedback loop in which a system responds to a change by reversing that change, or by decreasing the rate at which the change is occurring. (Ex. thermoregulation)

Negative Feedback Loop

A feedback loop in which a system responds to a change by amplifying that change. (Ex. childbirth)

Positive Feedback Loop

Changes, occurring within or outside the body, that affect homeostasis

Stimuli

Detects and sends messages to the control center

Receptors

Processes the signal, alerts the effector about the detected change, and gives instructions

Control Center

An organ or cell that acts in response to a stimulus; handles the issue

Effector

Divides a human body into anterior and posterior sections

Frontal Plane or Coronal Plane

Divides the human body into equal left and right sections

Midsagittal Plane

Divides the human body in half, creating two sections; top and bottom

Transverse or Horizontal Plane

Parallel plane next to the midsagittal plane

Parasaggittal Plane

Plane cut at an angle

Oblique

Midline of body

Medial

Away from midline

Lateral

Towards the head

Superior

Towards the feet

Inferior

Closer to the body or point of attachment

Proximal

Away from point of attachment

Distal

Front of the body

Anterior (Ventral)

Back of the body

Posterior (Dorsal)

Between two structures

Intermediate

On the same side of the body as another structure

Ipsilateral

On the opposite side of the body as another structure

Contralateral

Towards the surface of the body

Superficial

Away from the surface of the body

Deep

Simplest to most complex organisms

Atoms

Molecules

Macromolecules

Organelles

Cells

Tissues

Organs

Organ Systems

Organisms

Cavity that contains the brain

Cranial Cavity

Cavity that contains the spinal cord and nerves

Vertebral Canal

Contains the heart and lungs

Thoracic Cavity (aka. Chest Cavity)

Space that contains just the lungs

Pleural Cavity

Space that contains just the heart

Pericardial Cavity

Houses the lungs, heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and several large blood vessels

Mediastinum

Contains both the abdominal and pelvic cavities

Abdominopelvic Cavity

Contains the stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine and most of the large intestine

Abdominal cavity

The space formed by the hip bones and contains primarily the organs of the reproductive and excretory systems.

Ex. urinary bladder, portions of large intestine, and internal organs of reproduction

Pelvic Cavity

Membrane that secretes mucus that lubricates the surface of organs and keeps them moist.

Mucous Membrane

Thin, double-layered membrane that covers the viscera in the cavities and reduces friction

Serous Membrane (Visceral and Parietal)

Covers external surface of organs within the cavity

Visceral Layer

Lines a cavity or body wall

Parietal Layer

Double-layered membrane surrounding the abdominal organs

Peritoneum

Double-layered membrane surrounding the heart

Pericardium

Double-layered membrane that divides the thoracic cavity into two pleural compartments and mediastinum

Pleurae

Classification of organs that are not surrounded by the peritoneum but rather behind it

Retroperitoneal

Contains the liver, gallbladder, portion of the stomach, right kidney, portion of the pancreas, right adrenal gland, and portions of the small and large intestines

Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)

Contains the stomach, pancreas, left kidney, spleen, the left adrenal gland, and portions of the small and large intestines

Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)

Contains the appendix, portions of reproductive organs, right ureter, and portions of the small and large intestines

Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)

Contains portions of reproductive organs, left ureter, and portions of the small and large intestines

Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)

Function of Enzymes

Speed up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy

Function of Lipids

Long term energy storage, reserved energy, cell membrane

Subatomic particles

protons, neutrons, electrons

Number of protons in an atom

Same as the atomic number

A storage polysaccharide in plants consisting entirely of alpha glucose.

Starch

Polysaccharide consisting of beta glucose monomers that reinforces plant-cell walls

Cellulose

A polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds to create protein

Polypeptide

Compound with an amino group on one end and a carboxyl group on the other end; building block for protein

Amino Acid

Ethanol

C2H5OH

Ethyl Ether