Frequency Distribution and Graphs

midterm

Frequency Distribution

is the organization of raw data in table form, using classes and frequencies.

CATEGORICAL FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS

Is used in data that can be placed in specific categories, such as nominal or ordinal level data.

GROUPED FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS

When the range of the data is large, the data must be grouped into classes that are more than one unit in width.

LOWER CLASS LIMIT

Represents the smallest data value that can be included in a class.

UPPER CLASS LIMIT

Represents the largest data value that can be included in a class.

CLASS BOUNDARIES

Used to separate the classes so that there are no gaps in the frequency distribution.

CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION

A distribution that shows the number of data values less or equal to a specific value.

HISTOGRAM

is a graph that displays the data by using contiguous vertical bars (unless the frequency of a class is 0) of various heights to represent the frequencies of the classes.

FREQUENCY POLYGON

is a graph that displays the data by using lines that connect points plotted for the frequencies at the midpoints of the classes.

OGIVE

A line graph that shows the cumulative frequencies of a frequency distribution

Cumulative Frequency

used to visually represent how many values are below a certain upper class boundary.

BAR GRAPH

Use to represent data that are qualitative or categorical. Can be drawn either horizontal or vertical bars.

Pareto Charts

Used to represent a frequency distribution for categorical variable, and the frequencies are displayed by the heights of vertical bars, which are arranged in order from highest to lowest.

Pie Graph

To show the relationship of the parts to the whole by visually comparing the sizes of the sections.

Misleading Graphs

also known as a distorted graph in statistics, is a graph that misrepresents data, resulting in a misuse of statistics and the drawing of a false conclusion.