Chemistry-Fuels

What is Density?

The mass of a material per unit of volume.

How do you calculate density?

What is viscosity?

The ability of a fluid (liquid or gas) to flow. The higher the viscosity, the less easily it flows.

What is limewater?

A colourless liquid which turns cloudy when carbon dioxide is bubbled through it.

What is Complete Combustion?

A reaction of a substance with oxygen to produce Carbon Dioxide and water. Also releasing thermal energy.

What is Incomplete Combustion?

A reaction of a substance with a little oxygen to produce Carbon Monoxide and water. If no oxygen is present then the product will be Carbon.

What is acid rain

When Sulphur impurities react with oxygen this produces Sulphur Dioxide. This Sulphur Dioxide reacts with water to produce Sulphuric Acid (acid rain). Acid rain damages plaint life and and buildings/statues.

What is Global Warming?

Certain gases in the atmosphere trap the radiant energy from the sun (stops it reflecting back into space). This causes the average global temperature to increase over time.

What is Global Dimming?

Particulates from un-burnt fossil fuels enter form the atmosphere and block the suns energy from reaching the surface. This means that plants can photosynthesise less causing a drop in global food production.

What is Crude oil?

A black thick substance extracted from under the sea floor. A mixture of a very large number of compounds, mostly hydrocarbons.

What is a Hydrocarbon?

A molecule made up of only hydrogen and carbon atoms.

What is a Fuel?

A material such as coal, gas or oil that is burned to produce heat or power.

What do these gases do: Carbon dioxide, Carbon Monoxide, Nitrous Oxides, Sulphur Dioxide and Particulates?

• Carbon Dioxide- Causes climate change

• Carbon Monoxide- Poisonous gas which you cannot see or smell

• Nitrous Oxide- Poisonous

• Sulphur Dioxide- Reacts with water in atmosphere to cause acid rain

• Particulates- Causes global trimming

What percentage of gases are in the atmosphere?

• 78% Nitrogen

• 21% Oxygen

• 1% ‘other‘ gases including Argon, Carbon Dioxide (0.03%), Hydrogen etc.

What is Distillation?

The separating of a mixture of liquids by the boiling point. (Using boiling and condensation).

What is the boiling point of water?

100 Degrees Celsius

What is flammability?

A measure of how quickly a specific material is capable of catching fire and burning.

What properties do you want a fuel to have?

• High Flammability

• Low Viscosity

• To be a Liquid

What is Efficiency?

Getting the job done without wasting energy.

What is the Independent variable?

The variable being changed.

What is the Dependent variable?

The variable being measured

What is the Control variable?

The variables you keep the same.

What is the Risk Assessment?

Careful examination of what could cause harm to people during an investigation.

What are the effects of Carbon Monoxide poisoning?

How are fossil fuels formed?

1. Organisms die and fall to the sea floor

2. Layers of sediment fall on top, millions of years of heat and pressure force water out

3. Organisms turn into hydrocarbons forming fossil fuels

What is the Carbon Cycle?

Carbon dioxide is constantly cycling between organisms and the environment. This is called the Carbon Cycle.

How to test for Carbon Dioxide, Oxygen and Hydrogen?

1. Carbon Dioxide- bubble through limewater

2. Oxygen- Put a glowing splint inside the tube

3. Hydrogen- Put a lighted splint inside the tube

What are Hydrocarbons?

Monomers joined together to form a long chain called Polymer.

What are the 3 Polymer types?

1. Styrene

2. Ethene

3. Propene

How do you make Polymer more flexible?

• Add plasticizers (they break bonds)

• Reduce cross-links (bonds)

• Decrease density

How do you make Polymer tougher?

• Pack tightly together

• Use cross linking agents to join chains

• Increase the cross-links (bonds)

• Increase density

What are the Problems with Plastics?

• Pollution

• Kill animals

• Non Biodegradable

• Eyesore

• Microplastics

• Starve animals

What are the Solutions for Plastics?

• Recycle properly

• Clean up plastic

• Reuse plastic

• Education on plastics

• Alternatives for plastics

How do you make Polymers?

Polymers are made by chemical reactions that join lots of small molecules together to make long molecules. This can be used to produce plastics.

What are the stages of the Carbon Cycle?

• Fossilization

• Photosynthesis

• Eating

• Decomposition

• Respiration

• Carbon Dioxide in the atmosphere

• Combustion