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What are some differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Eukaryotes have membrane bound organelles (ex. mitochondria) and prokaryotes do not
T/F: prokaryotes have a nucleus
FALSE, they have a nucleoid
T/F: prokaryotes have a flagella
TRUE
What kind of DNA do prokaryotes and eukaryotes have?
prokaryotes - circular DNA
eukaryotes - linear DNA
What do both prokaryotes and eukaryotes have?
cytoplasm, ribosomes, and cell membrane
What are four characteristics of fungi that distinguish them from plants?
lack chlorophyll, cell walls have chitin, most are not truly multicellular, heteroptrophic
What are heterotrophs?
organisms that get nutrients from other organisms or plants
What are saprobes?
organisms that get nutrients from dead or decaying organic matter
What are the four parts of fungi?
hyphae, mycelium, yeast, fruiting body?
What is the role of the hyphae in the fungus?
long, branching, filamentous structures that grow and form a network called mycelium
What is the role of the mycelium in the fungus?
"feeding network"
What is the role of the yeast in the fungus?
plays a crucial role in fermentation
What is the role of the fruiting body in the fungus?
produce and disperse spores
What are dimorphic fungi?
can exist in yeast (pathogenic) form and mold (environmental) form
What are three main issues that impact fungal growth?
oxygen, temperature, pH
What is the relationship type between fungi and other organisms?
Mutualism
What are two types of mutualistic relationships that exist between fungus and other organisms?
mycorrhizae and endophytes
What are the two phases of the life cycle of fungi?
growth (vegetative) and reproductive
What are some characteristics of asexual reproduction of fungi?
- structures develop at ends of specialized hyphae
- mitotic divisions can produce thousands of spores, all genetically identical
- yeast- budding
What are some characteristics of sexual reproduction of fungi?
- mating types come together and fuse
- visible fruiting body results during sexual reproduction (location of spores)
What are some areas where fungi impact applied microbiology?
food industry, agriculture, biofuels, textile industry, medicine
How can fungi impact human health?
- can be poisonous or deadly upon ingestion
- can be pathogenic
- can be used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders
What is a mycotoxin?
a toxin produced by a fungus
What are some symptoms of mycotoxin?
weakness, nausea, intestinal distress, asthma, hearing problems, rashes and hives, shortness of breath
Is there a treatment for mycotoxins?
no antidote exists - early intervention is important
What are some common areas of fungal infection?
skin, respiratory tract
What is dermatophytosis?
general name for fungal diseases of skin, hair, and nails
What are the common types of fungal skin infections?
ringworm and athlete's foot
Where is ringworm most commonly found?
skin - arms, legs, most frequent skin disorder in cats worldwide
How is ringworm spread?
spread through direct contact
What are some unique features of ringworm?
called ringworm due to the circular rash it causes, rarely spread below the skin surface
What is the main symptom of ringworm?
rash
How is ringworm treated?
OTC antifungals
Where is athlete's foot commonly found?
skin, usually begins between the toes
How is athlete's foot spread?
spread through direct contact
What are some unique features of athlete's foot?
can spread to other areas of the body
What are symptoms of athelete's foot?
itchy, scaly rash, inflammation, blisters
How do you treat athlete's foot?
antifungal lotion or powders
What are some fungal infections that affect the respiratory tract?
- Cryptococcosis
- Histoplasmosis
- Coccidioidomycosis
- Pneumocystis pneumonia
- Aspergillosis
Where is cryptococcosis commonly found?
- c. neoformans - found in soil of urban environments and grows in pigeon droppings
- c. gattis - found in soil around eucalyptus/Douglas fir trees, infects domestic and wild animals
How is cryptococcosis spread?
through the inhalation of fungal spores from the environment
What are some unique features of cryptococcosis?
fatal inn 25% of cases, no vaccine, oval shaped yeast
What are some symptoms of cryptococcosis?
- c. neoformans - pneumonia, meningitis
- c. gattis - pneumonia, chest pain, cough, fever, weight loss, blindness
How do you treat cryptococcosis?
IV amphotericin B
Where is histoplasmosis found?
found in soil and other environmental materials
How is histoplasmosis spread?
through inhalation of dry/dust soil in air around chicken coops and bat caves
What are unique features of histoplasmosis?
lung disease, endemic to Ohio and Mississippi River valleys, dimorphic
What causes histoplasmosis?
Histoplasma capsulatum
What are symptoms of histoplasmosis?
immunocompetent - asymptomatic, mild influenza like illness
immunocompromised - disseminated form with tuberculosis
How is histoplasmosis treated?
many recover without treatment, Amphotericin B/Ketoconazole
Where is coccidioidomycosis found?
found in the soil
How is coccidioidomycosis spread?
inhaling airborne fungal spores from disturbed contaminated soil
What are some unique features of coccidioidomycosis?
AKA "Valley Fever" or "desert fever", soil-based fungus
What causes coccidioidomycosis?
Coccidiodes immitis and C.posadasii
What are some symptoms of coccidioidomycosis?
influenza like disease, dry hacking cough, chest pains, high fever, 40% develop pulmonary disease, dissemination into skin bone CNS
How do you treat coccidiodomycosis?
Amphotericin B, Nikkomycin, no vaccine but development is being attempted
Where is pneumocystis pneumonia found?
in the lungs, lining of alveoli
How is pneumocystis pneumonia spread?
from person to person via droplets (common), or via environment (less common)
What are some unique features of pneumocystis pneumonia?
most common form of non-bacterial pneumonia in the US in immunocompromised patients, recognized in 1980s bc AIDS/HIV, complex life style, trophozoites and cysts fill alveoli and occupy air spaces
What causes pneumocystis pneumonia?
Pneumocytis jiroveci
What are some symptoms of pneumocystis pneumonia?
Fever, Cough, Difficulty breathing, Chest pain, Chills, Fatigue, Night sweats, and Unintentional weight loss
How can you treat pneumocystis pneumonia?
trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and corticosteroids
Where is Aspergillosis commonly found?
found in decaying leaves and compost and on plants, trees and grain crops
How is Aspergillosis spread?
inhaling microscopic spores from the environment
What are some unique features of Aspergillosis?
enters body as conidia then grows as mycelium, usually in immune compromised host or VERY large population of conidia tissue, can form a round ball of mycelium
What causes Aspergillosis?
Aspergillus spp.
What are some symptoms of Aspergillosis?
bloody cough, chest pain, wheezing/shortness of breath, headache, fever with chills, joint pain, can spread beyond lungs to other organs, fungal meningitis
What are the characteristics of a protist?
eukaryotes, unicellular, parasitic (must live in or on a different species to get nourishment)
How do you treat Aspergillosis?
antifungals (voriconazole)
What are the two types of parasites?
unicellular (protozoa), multicellular (helminths)
What are two ways protists get nutrition?
heterotrophic and autotrophic
Which protists are part of the phytoplankton?
- forminiferans
- diatoms
- red and green algae
- dinoflagellates
- radiolarians
What is a red tide?
Harmful algal bloom
How does a red tide happen?
happens when dinoflagellates grow out of control
What effects does a red tide have in animals?
produce powerful toxins that kill fish, mammals, and birds
What are the characteristics of protozoans?
- motile
- predatory/parasitic
- "animal like"
- several responsible for infectious disease
What are three supergroups responsible for human parasite protozoa?
Amoebozoa, Chromalveolata, Excavata
How does amoebozoa move?
amoeboid motion via pseudopodia
How does Chromalveolata move?
ciliated
How does Excavata move?
flagella for motility
What are five types of human protozoan diseases?
malaria, lesihmaniasis, african trypanosomiasis, chagas, toxoplasmosis
What is the causative agent of malaria?
4 species of plasmodium
How is malaria transmitted?
female anopheles mosquito
What is the causative agent of leishmaniasis?
leishmania major and donovani
How is leishmaniasis trasnmitted?
sandfly
What is the causative agent of african trypanosomiasis?
trypanosoma brucei
How is african trypanosomiasis transmitted?
tsetse fly
What is the causative agent of chagas?
trypanosoma cruzi
How is chagas transmitted?
triatomine bug (kissing bug)
What is the causative agent of toxoplasmosis?
Toxoplasma gondii
How is toxoplasmosis transmitted?
contaminated/undercooked meat, cat feces
What are two types of hemlinths?
flatworms and roundworms
What are three worm diseases?
tapeworm, pinworm, heartworm
What is the main host for tapeworms?
humans
How is tapeworm transmitted?
via raw/undercooked beef/pork
What is the main host for pinworm?
humans
How is pinworm transmitted?
humans, direct contact
What is the main host for heartworm?
dogs, cats, ferrets
How is heartworm transmitted?
mosquitos
What are the four viral components?
nucleic acid (genome), capsid, envelope, proteins (glycoproteins)
