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what are epithelial cells?
cells that carry on the same function and work together to make tissue
what do epithelial cells make?
epithelial tissue
what is another word for epithelial tissue?
epithelium
what does the epithelial tissue make?
the lining, covering, and glandular tissue of the body
what does epithelial tissue cover?
the outside of the body which protects us from our surrounding environment
anything that enters or exits our body must pass through what?
the epithelial tissue
what are the functions of epithelium?
protection, absorption, filtration, and secretion
what does epithelium of the skin do?
protects us against bacterial and chemical damage
what does epithelium lining of the respiratory tract do?
contains cilia, which sweep dust and other debris away from the lungs
what does epithelium specialized to absorb substances do?
line some digestive system organs like the stomach
gland
cells that are adapted for secretion
secretions
contain proteins and is a specialty of the glands
Types of glands
pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, ovaries, testes, and pancreas
what does glandular epithelium do?
forms the glands in our body
what do secretions produce and secrete?
sweat, oil, digestive enzymes, mucus, and hormones
apical surface
the top surface of tissue that is exposed to the environment
basement membrane
the lower surface of the tissue
what does the basement membrane contain?
material secreted by the epithelial cells and the connective tissue cells that are next to the epithelium
epithelial tissue is ___?
avascular
what does avascular mean?
having no blood supply
since the epithelium is avascular, what does it rely on?
diffusion from the capillaries in the underlying connective tissue for food and oxygen
what is dense connective tissue referred to as?
fibrous tissue
what does dense connective tissue form?
strong, rope-like structures
what are the two major forms of dense (fibrous) tissue
tendons and ligaments
tendons connect what to what?
muscles to bones
ligaments connect what to what?
bones to bones
ligaments are __ than tendons?
stretchier
where can dense connective tissue also be found?
in the lower layers of the skin
what is the skin also called?
the dermis
how is the dense connective tissue in the lower layers of the skin arranged?
in sheets
characteristics of loose connective tissues?
is softer, has more cells, and fewer fibers
what are the two major types of loose connective tissue?
areolar and adipose
what is a tissue that is often called loose connective tissue?
reticular connective tissue
areolar tissue
the most widely distributed connective tissue in the body
what are the characteristics of areolar tissue?
is soft and pliable
what does areolar tissue form?
a cobweb that cushions and protects organs
functions of the areolar tissue?
serves as a packaging tissue and connective tissue “glue”. helps hold organs in their place and contains a watery solution
what happens when there is trauma to the watery solution in the areolar tissue?
the area swells and becomes puffy
what is the process of the area swelling and becoming puffy called?
edema
adipose tissue
tissue that is called fat
adipose tissue is areolar tissue that contains what?
fat cells
what does adipose tissue form?
subcutaneous tissue beneath the skin
what does the subcutaneous tissue do?
insulates the body and protects the skin from bumps and temperature changes
what does adipose tissue cushion?
the eyeballs in their sockets
where is adipose tissue found?
in the hips and breasts where fat is stored and available for fuel
what does reticular connective tissue consist of?
a network of interwoven reticular fibers
what does reticular connective tissue form?
stroma
what is the stroma?
the internal framework of organs
what does the stroma support?
blood cells in the lymphoid organs such as the lymph nodes, spleen, and bone marrow
what is reticular connective tissue also referred to as?
the blood or vascular tissue
why is reticular connective tissue considered as connective tissue?
it is surrounded by a nonliving fluid called plasma and composed of cells
what are the fibers of blood?
soluble proteins that become visible only during clotting
platelets
are responsible for clotting
blood is not a typical what?
connective tissue
what does blood work as?
the transport vehicle for the cardiovascular system
what does blood do?
carries nutrients, respiratory gases, and many other substances throughout the body
muscle tissue
contracts or shortens to create movement
types of muscle tissue
skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
skeletal muscle tissue
packaged by connective tissue sheets to form organs called skeletal muscles
skeletal muscles are attached to what?
the skeleton
skeletal muscles: voluntary or involuntary?
voluntary
what do skeletal muscles form?
the flesh of the body
what happens when the skeletal muscles contract?
they pull on the bones or skin and movement occurs
appearance of skeletal muscles
long, cylindrical, multinucleate, and have obvious striations
due to the long structure, skeletal muscles are called what?
fibers
where are cardiac muscles found?
in the heart
what happens as the heart contracts
it acts as a pump and propels the blood through the blood vessels
appearance of the cardiac muscles
have striations, cells are uninucleate, short, branching, and tightly fit together
intercalated disc
the junction where the cardiac muscles tightly fit together
what do the intercalated discs contain?
gap junctions that allow ions to pass freely from cell to cell
cardiac muscles: voluntary or involuntary
involuntary
appearance of smooth muscles
do not have striations that are visible, are spindle-shaped with a point at each end
what do smooth muscles have?
a single nucleus
where are smooth muscles found?
in the walls of hollow organs such as the stomach, uterus, and blood vessels
when smooth muscles contract and relax, what happens?
material is propelled through the organ
what is peristalsis?
a wave-like motion that keeps food moving through the small intestines
what are the four major shapes/classes of epithelium?
simple squamous, simple cuboidal, simple columnar, and pseudostratified
appearance of squamous cells
look like thin, flat plates that can look polygonal when viewed from above. closely fit together in tissues
what do squamous cells provide?
a smooth, low-friction surface over which fluids can move easily
where does the name “squamous” come from?
squama, Latin for “scale”
shape of the nuclei in squamous cells
usually correspond with the shape of the cell
what does the nuclei in squamous cells do?
help to identify the type of epithelium
squamous cells tend to have what kind of nuclei?
horizontally flattened, nearly oval-shaped nuclei
where are squamous cells found?
skin, alveoli, and lungs
shape of cuboidal epithelial cells?
cube-like
appearance of cuboidal epithelial cells?
square in cross-section
shape of nuclei in cuboidal cells
large, spherical, and in the center
shape of columnar epithelial cells
elongated and column-shaped
the height of columnar cells are what?
height is at least four times the width
what is the shape of the nuclei in columnar cells?
elongated
where are the nuclei of columnar cells usually located?
near the base of cells
what do columnar cells form?
the lining of the stomach and intestines
pseudostratified cells
simple columnar cells
how are the nuclei of pseudostratified cells?
they appear at different heights, giving the misleading impression that the epithelium is stratified when the cells are viewed in cross-section
what are ciliated pseudostratified epithelial cells?
epithelial cells that have cilia
nervous tissue
consists of nerve cells called neurons
what do neurons do?
receive and conduct impulses from one part of the body to another
what are the two functional characteristics of the nervous tissue?
irritability and conductivity
what is irritability?
the ability of a neuron to detect a stimulus and respond.
what is conductivity?
the ability of neurons to transmit signals to other neurons, muscles and glands.
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