exam 1

Cellular level

Cells and their internal structures

Tissue level

Groups of similar cells working together.

Organ level

Structure made of two or more tissue types working together.

Organ system level

Multiple organs working together for a common function.

Organismal level

The entire body; all organ systems working together.

Stimulus

A change that occurs in the internal or external environment.

Sensor/Receptor

Detects a change in the environment

Integrating center

Receives information and determines the appropriate response.

Effector

Carries out the response to a stimulus.

Negative feedback

Reverses or counteracts the original change.

Positive feedback

Amplifies or increases the original change.

Dorsal body cavity

Posterior body cavity containing the cranial and vertebral cavities

Ventral body cavity

Anterior body cavity containing the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.

Cranial cavity

Cavity containing the brain.

Vertebral cavity

Cavity containing the spinal cord.

Thoracic cavity

Ventral cavity containing the lungs and heart, 2 lateral parts and mediastinum

Mediastinum

Central region of the thoracic cavity

Pleural cavity

Cavity surrounding a lung.

Pericardial cavity

Cavity surrounding the heart.

Abdominopelvic cavity

Ventral cavity consisting of the abdominal and pelvic cavities.

Abdominal cavity

Superior portion of the abdominopelvic cavity.

Pelvic cavity

Inferior portion of the abdominopelvic cavity.

Cutaneous membrane

Skin; covers the outside of the body.

Mucous membrane

Membrane lining passages that open to the outside; produces mucus.

Serous membrane

Membrane lining closed body cavities and covering organs; produces serous fluid.

Parietal layer

Serous membrane layer lining the cavity wall.

Visceral layer

Serous membrane layer covering the organ.

Serous fluid

Fluid that reduces friction between serous membrane layers.

Pleura

Serous membrane associated with the lungs.

Pericardium

Serous membrane associated with the heart.

Peritoneum

Serous membrane associated with the abdominal organs.

Epithelial tissue

Tissue that covers surfaces, lines cavities, and forms glands.

Cellularity

Epithelial tissue consists of closely packed cells with little extracellular material.

Polarity

Epithelial cells have an apical surface and a basal surface.

Avascular

Lacking blood vessels.

Basement membrane

Noncellular supporting sheet between epithelial tissue and the connective tissue deep to it.

Apical surface

Surface of an epithelial cell exposed to the exterior or lumen.

Basal surface

Surface of an epithelial cell attached to the basement membrane.

Simple epithelium

Epithelium consisting of a single layer of cells.

Stratified epithelium

Epithelium consisting of two or more layers of cells.

Pseudostratified epithelium

Epithelium that appears stratified but consists of a single layer of cells.

Squamous

Flat, thin cell shape.

Cuboidal

Cube-shaped cell

Columnar

Tall, column-shaped cell.

Simple squamous epithelium

Single layer of flat cells; specialized for diffusion and filtration and secretion

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Single layer of cube-shaped cells; functions in secretion and absorption.

Simple columnar epithelium

Single layer of tall cells; functions in absorption and secretion and propulsion of mucus and enzymes

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Single layer of cells that appears stratified; functions in secretion and propulsion of mucus.

Stratified squamous epithelium

Multiple layers with flattened cells at the surface; provides protection.

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

Multiple layers of cuboidal cells; provides protection.

Stratified columnar epithelium

Multiple layers with columnar cells at the surface; provides protection and secretion.

Transitional epithelium

Stratified epithelium specialized to change shape as it is stretched.

Microvilli

Small projections that increase the surface area of a cell, actin filament base

Cilia

Hairlike projections that move substances across the cell surface.

Tight junctions

Close off intercellular spaces and prevent certain molecules from passing between epithelial cells.

Desmosomes

Cell junctions that strongly bind cells together w/ intermediate filaments

Connective tissue

Tissue characterized by cells separated by an extracellular matrix.

Extracellular matrix

Material surrounding connective tissue cells, fibers & ground substance

Ground substance

Nonfibrous component of the extracellular matrix, gel-like substance, cushion/protects, holds tissue fluid

Collagen fibers

Strong fibers that provide tensile strength.

Elastic fibers

Fibers that allow tissues to stretch and recoil.

Reticular fibers

Fibers that form a supporting network.

Fibroblasts

Cells that secrete fibers and ground substance.

Areolar connective tissue

Loose connective tissue with all three fiber types; cushions organs, holds tissue fluid, and has a role in inflammation.

Adipose connective tissue

Connective tissue dominated by adipocytes; stores energy and provides insulation and cushioning/protection

Reticular connective tissue

Loose connective tissue containing reticular fibers that form a supportive network/ internal skeleton

Dense regular connective tissue

Dense connective tissue with collagen fibers arranged in parallel; provides strong attachment.

Dense irregular connective tissue

Dense connective tissue with collagen fibers arranged in many directions.

Elastic connective tissue

Connective tissue containing abundant elastic fibers; allows stretching and recoil.

Cartilage

Firm, flexible tissue that contains no blood vessels or nerves.

Hyaline cartilage

A cartilage that provides support, reinforces, and acts as a cushion that resist stress

Elastic cartilage

A flexible cartilage containing abundant elastic fibers, maintains shape of structure but allows for great flexibility

Fibrocartilage

A strong cartilage containing abundant collagen fibers that provides support, strength and absorbs compressive shock.

Chondroblasts

Cartilage-forming cells that produce the extracellular matrix of cartilage.

Bone

A connective tissue with a hard, mineralized extracellular matrix that provides support and protection, attachment site for muscles, stores minerals/fats

Osteoblasts

Bone-forming cells that produce new bone matrix.

Osteocytes

Mature bone cells that maintain the bone matrix.

Osteoclasts

Cells that break down and resorb bone tissue.

Blood

A connective tissue with a liquid extracellular matrix called plasma; transports substances throughout the body.

Skeletal muscle tissue

Striated, multinucleate muscle tissue under voluntary control that produces body movement and is attached to bones

Cardiac muscle tissue

Striated/ uninucleate/ branching, involuntary muscle tissue w/ intercalated discs that contracts to pump blood through the heart.

Smooth muscle tissue

Nonstriated/ spindle-shaped/ central nuclei, involuntary muscle tissue that produces movement of substances through hollow internal organs.

Nervous tissue

Tissue specialized for communication through electrical signals, found in brain/spinal cord/nerves

Neuron

A nervous tissue cell that receives and transmits electrical signals.

Neuroglia

Supporting cells that protect, nourish, and support neurons.

Marfan syndrome

An inherited connective tissue disorder caused by abnormal connective tissue that can affect multiple body systems. extremely flexible joints/ curved spines

Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP)

A disorder in which connective tissue progressively turns into bone, restricting movement.

Plasma membrane

A selectively permeable membrane that separates the intracellular environment from the extracellular environment.

Phospholipid bilayer

A double layer of phospholipids that forms the basic structure of the plasma membrane.

Fluid mosaic model

The model describing the plasma membrane as a flexible phospholipid bilayer containing proteins and other components.

Passive transport

Movement of substances across a membrane down their concentration gradient without requiring cellular energy.

Active transport

Movement of substances across a membrane against their concentration gradient that requires cellular energy.

Concentration gradient

A difference in the concentration of a substance between two areas.

Simple diffusion

Movement of molecules directly through the plasma membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Facilitated diffusion

Movement of molecules from higher to lower concentration through membrane proteins.

Osmosis

Movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane toward the area with a higher solute concentration.

Exocytosis

Movement of substances out of a cell when a vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane.

Endocytosis

Movement of substances into a cell when the plasma membrane surrounds the substance and forms a vesicle.

Phagocytosis

A type of endocytosis in which a cell engulfs large particles; "cell eating."

Pinocytosis

A type of endocytosis in which a cell takes in extracellular fluid; "cell drinking."