Biochem Lec 2

RH whittaker

5 kingdom system

Cell

basic unit of life

metabolism

obtaining energy from chemical reactions and synthesizes necessary substances

Growth

maturation, size, more cell components,

Response to stimuli

to detect and give an appropriate response

reproduction

new cell development

homeostasis

regulated internal and external environment

adaptation

survive from stress and changes in the environment

hypertrophy

increase in size

atrophy

decrease in size

hyperplasia

increase in number of cell

metaplasia

replacement of cell type

Svedberg

unit for sedimentation rate

Cellulose

Plant cell wall composition

Chitin

Fungi cell wall composition

Peptidoglycan

Bacteria cell wall composition

Cell wall

provides protection, structural support, and shape for plants, fungi, algae, bacteria

Cell membrane

outermost boundary of the cell

Cell membrane proteins

facilitate the movement of substances into and out of cells

Pumps

Active transport, uphill in cell membrane

Channels

Passive transport, membrane pore to facilitate the flow of ions

Carriers

Are either active or passive transport,

Transport mechanisms

describe how substances move across the plasma membrane to maintain cellular function and homeostasis

Passive transport

most common mechanism of membrane transport, high to low

Active transport

Rapid and efficient, uses energy, low to high

Facilitated diffusion

Passive transport, carrier needed, transport rate is influenced by carrier availability

Convective transport

bulk movement or bulk flow

Vesicular transport

transports large molecules, particles, or fluids that cannot readily cross the membrane by ordinary transport mechanisms

endocytosis

movement into the cell

exocytosis

movement out of the cell

phagocytosis

uptake of large particles or cells

pinocytosis

uptake of extracellular fluid and dissolved substances

receptor-mediated endocytosis

selective uptake of specific molecules after they bind to membrane receptors