KINES 2056: MOTOR DEVELOPMENT - Physical Growth, Maturation, and Physical Activity and Height

Assessing Growth Patterns: Distance Curves and Velocity Curves both have
- _____ axis of age
- and both _____

- x
- graphs

Assessing Growth Patterns: Distance Curves
- y axis is ________ height, weight, or % BF
- represent ________ "y" at a given age
- have _______: shows the speed of velocity curve
- ______ curve
- can represent distance and velocity but not as ______

- average
- expected
- slope
- sigmoid
- accurate

Assessing Growth Patterns: Velocity Curves
- y axis is _____ (how much gain is expected)
- represent how ____ or much _____ is expected at a given age
- ONLY ________

- gain
- fast, gain
- VELOCITY

Assessing Growth Patterns: Distance Curves: HEIGHT
- infancy: _____; childhood: ____ and steady; adoselnce: _______; adulthood: ______ off
- no differences prior to _____
- small differences when _____ are taller than boys; after puberty _____ are taller than girls

- rapid; slow; rapid; level
- puberty
- girls; boys

Assessing Growth Patterns: Distance Curves: HEIGHT PERCENTILE
- what is a percentile?
- used as a ______ diagnostic tool
- ______ in percentile is red flag & problem in height below ___ percentile
- percentile is _____ in childhood
- extreme scores are:

- how you rank with the same characteristics (75 percentile: taller than or equal to 75% of boys your age)
- initial
- drop, 5th
- constant
- above 95 and below 5

Distance Curves are an _____ tool and ______ so might not be a problem

initial, average

Assessing Growth Patterns: Velocity Curves: HEIGHT
- grow fastest after ____ year and growth spurt at _______
- what explains the difference in absolute height between males and females during adolescence?

- 1st; adoselnce
- peak height velocity and 2 extra years of growth

Predicting Adult Height
- Adult Height = 2 x height at age ____ (easy not accurate)
- _______ Curve (little more accurate)
- Kamis - ______ Method (very accurate, why?)

- 2
- Distance
- Roche, (because using a lot of variables)

Assessing Growth Patterns: Distance Curve: WEIGHT
- same patterns as ______
- ______ to puberty very similar to the height
- _____ puberty ______ are heavier

- height
- prior
- after, males

BMI -Adults
- Compute _____ (weight (lb) / height (inches) ^2
- Determine _____ status: compare BMI to standards
- BMI Classifications: underweight: < ______; normal 18.5-_____; overweight: 25 - _____; obese: > _____

- BMI
- weight
- 18.5, 24.9. 29.9, 30

Growth BMI - Children
- Compute ___
- Determine Weight Status ____ STEPS
STEP 1: Figure out _____ (distance curve)
STEP 2: Compare ____ percentile to standards
- Underweight: ____; Healthy: 5th - ____; Overweight: 85th - ____ ; Obese: > ____

- BMI
- 2
- percentile
- BMI
- below 5th, 85th, 95th, 95th

- Equation for BMI?
- Why times 703?
- BMI has ____ for adults and children
- EXAMPLES OF CHILDREN BMI IN NOTES!!!

- (weight (lb) / (height (inches)) ^2 x 703
- to get to metric units
- problems

Finding the weight classification for Adult and Children BMI are ______

DIFFERENT

Growth Proportions
- BABY: Head (Trunk): 2/8 = ___% Legs (Arms): ____/8
- ADULT: Head (Trunk): 1/8 = ____% Legs (Arms): 4/8 = ___%
- ______ from BABY to ADULT in Head (Trunk)
- _____ from BABY to ADULT in Legs (Arms)

- 25%, 3
- 12.5%, 50%
- decreasing
- increasing

Why are there these growth proportions?
- Reasons: ____-____ development
1. ______: head to lower body
2. ______ trunk to extremities

- intra-uterine
1. cephalocaudal
2. proximodistal

Shoulder/Hip Ratio and Limp Proportions
- Prior to Adolescence: ______ ( and develop)
- After Adolescence: Males (_________ broadening, longer arms and legs) Females ( _____ broadening, longer trunk)

- similar
- shoulder, hip

Do you agree with women having frontline military combat roles?

if have passion and can pass same training, yes go ahead

Based on Physical Growth and Maturation: Should elementary schools have co-ed PE classes?

Yes, same differences at that time, no big differences

- Based on Physical Growth and Maturation: Should high schools have co-ed PE classes?
- Seperate education classes -->
- Co-ed classes -->
- Options of content -->

- No, differences and keep them separate is best
- better
- not great
- optimal

What is maturation?

how fast, speed of growth

- Maturity Status Variability: typical in each group before ______
- can have ____, ____, or ____ maturation

- adulthood
- early, late, average

How to determine?
- ______ Age: age in relation to a standard calendar year
- ______ Age: age of physical structure (physiological)

- Chronological
- Biological

- Early Maturation: ______ advantage (skeletal age higher)
- Average Maturation: _______ = _______
- Late Maturation: ______ advantage

- biological
- biological = chronological
- chronological

How to determine biological age?

- Skeletal Age
- Sexual Age (Tanner Scale and Puberty Development Scale)

Skeletal Age
- x rays of _____ and ____
- ______ not shown on x ray, have a lot of it when 1st born
- size, _____ between bones, _____ of bones when developed
- Advantage: most _____
- Limitation: expensive, and risks with ____ collection

- wrist and hand
- cartilage
- space, shape
- accurate
- data

Sexual Age - Tanner Scale
- Females: _____ and pubic hair; Males ______ and pubic hair
- stages correspond to stages in _______
- Stage 1: ___-puberty (____hood); Stage 2: _____ puberty (______); Stage 3: ____ puberty (______ and peak heigh velocity); Stage 4: ____ puberty; Stage 5: full ______ (_____hood)

- breasts; genitals
- development
- 1: pre (child); 2: early (adolescence); 3: mid, (menarche); 4: late; 5: maturity (adult)

Sexual Age - Tanner Scale
Advantages: not as _____ as skeletal age; ____ (HIV treatment); _______; childhood, adolescence, and adulthood (3 _____ phases)
Limitation: ____ collection (uncomfortable, private)

accurate; research; inexpensive; distinct
data

Maturation: Implications
- How does maturation affect the assessment of fitness in youth fitness programs or PE class?

- can't tell if maturing is making them better or your teaching' make sure you give assessments 3-4 months so you know it's your teaching that improved them

Sexual Age - Pubertal Development Scale
- _____ (example in notes)
- Advantages: ______; childhood, adolescence, and adulthood (3 ______ phases); less _____
- Limitation: _____ collection

- survey
- inexpensive; distinct; invasive
- data

Physical Activity and Height
- Positive Effect: being active _____ make you taller (doesn't matter if ____ or not)
- Negative Effect: Can PA affect growth in height in the short-term (season)?
- What sports? Why?

- doesn't, active
- yes, growth in height can slow down during a season of play
- gymnastics, ballet, dance, and wrestling. intense PA early in development and restricted diet

- Is final height affect?
1. Selection Bias - who do you select for gymnastics verse volleyball?
2. Catch-up Growth - (A) faster growth during periods of ___ calorie expenditure (a) ___-exercise (injury, off season) (b) ____ from sport

- probably not affected
1. in gymnastics you want short athletes; versus volleyball you want taller ones
2. (A) low (a) non (b) retirement

- However, not 100% sure, some athletes may be ____
1. ____ longitudinal studies
2. Generally do not follow children ____ or ____ enough

- affected
1. few
2. early, long

ATTENTION
- _____ training
- ______ diet
- plot heigh every ___ months

- intense
- restricted
- 3