General Chemistry 1

Matter

whether solid, liquid, or gas is classified as a pure substance or a mixture

Pure substances

have uniform and definite composition and further broken down into elements and compunds

Element

contains only one type of atom and cannot be broken down into simpler forms of matter

Compounds

contain two or more atoms that are chemically combined, the elements have undergone a chemical reaction

Table salt

made up of sodium and chlorine, cannot be separated when combined

Law of constant composition or definite proportion

it states that when two or more elements combine to form a compound, they follow a definite composition and proportion

Mixtures

physically combined structures that can be separated into their original components

Homogeneous mixture

mixture that has uniform composition all throughout

Heterogeneous mixture

has at least two different matter or visible components

Chemical formula

It is a symbolic expression of a compound or substance. It is also described as shorthand of expressing the types and the number of atoms in a substance.

Chemical symbol

The capital letter that represents a certain substance known as element.

Subscript

represents the number of atom in the chemical formula

Table Salt

Sodium chloride, NaCl

Sugar

Sucrose, C12H12O11

Vinegar

Acetic acid, CH3COOH

Baking soda

Sodium bicarbonate, NaHCO3

Ethyl alcohol

Ethanol, C2H60

Molecular compounds

The pure substance produced when atoms of two or more different non-metals combine.

Joined together by covalent bonds.

Decantation

A process to separate mixtures by removing a liquid layer that is free of a precipitate, or the solids deposited from a solution.

The process may be to obtain a liquid free from particles or to recover the precipitate.

Decant

Liquid free from particles

Filtration

The process of separating suspended solid matter from a liquid, by causing the latter to pass through the pores some substance, called a filter.

Filtrate

The liquid that has passed through the filter.

Distillation

Used in collecting a pure liquid from a mixture of liquids (or soluble solid and liquid) through the processes of evaporation and condensation.

Chromatography

A separatory technique where each component or solute is isolated based on its different affinities to the mobile phase.

Centrifugation

A gradient-by-density technique employed to collect a precipitate from a heterogeneous mixture using the principle of angular rotation and gravity.

Sieving

Method in which two or more components of different sizes are separated from a mixture on the basis of the difference in their sizes.

Evaporation

A process in which a liquid changes into gaseous form on heating. Allowing the liquid to evaporate, leaving the soluble solid behind.

Condensation

Process by which water vapor in the air is changed into liquid water

Magnetism

The process of separating components of mixtures by using magnets to attract magnetic materials.

Crystallization

Solid-liquid separation technique, in which mass transfer of a solute from the liquid solution to a pure solid crystalline phase occurs.

Extraction

Separation process consisting in the separation of a substance from a matrix.