Biology midterm

Parts of a controlled experiment

control group, experimental group, independent variable, dependent variable, constants

dependent vs. independent

independent- variable being changed
dependent- variable responding to change

experimental vs. control groups

control group- all variables are same as experimental except no independent variable
experimental group- all same as control except their is independent variable

what makes a controlled experiment a controlled experiment

only 1 variable being changed

Know the steps of the scientific method

make observation, form hypothesis, designed control exp, collect data, analyze data

Know the characteristics of life

reproduces
respond to environment
homeostasis
evolution
grow and develop

Quantitative vs. qualitative data

quantitative- descriptive
qualitative- numbers

Hypothesis vs. theory

hypothesis- testable observation
theory- explains why/how something happens

Importance of peer review

fact checking, make sure paper is unbiased

why scientists use metric system

every scientist worldwide use it

the units of metric system

meters, liters, grams

how to convert metric system

kilo- 1000
hecta- 100
deka- 10
base- 0
deci- .1
centi- .01
mili- .001

subatomic parts of the atom and their charges

protons- positive
electrons- negative
neutrons- neutral

what is the top number on the image and what does it mean

atomic number- number of protons

what is bottom number and what does it mean

atomic mass- # protons + # neutrons

how many neutrons in carbon

6

how isotopes differ

in neutrons

Covalent vs. Ionic bonds

covalent- shares electron
ionic- electrons transfer

Properties of water

polarity, hydrogen bonding, cohesion, adhesion, high heat capacity

solute vs. solvent

solute dissolves in solvent

pH scale

basic- 8-14
acidic- 0-6
neutral- 7

the different macromolecules

carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids

The monomers for carbohydrates

monosacharrides

Functions of the carbohydrates

fast short term energy

monomers for proteins

amino acids

monomers for lipids

fatty acids, glycerol

monomers for nucleic acids

nucleotide

functions for proteins

speeding up chemical reactions- cell transport

function for lipids

long term energy storage- structure cell membrane

function for nucleic acid

contains genetic information

What is occurring when a chemical reaction happens

one set of chemicals is changing into another

which are the reactants in a reaction

molecules before reactions

which are the products in a reaction

molecules after the reaction

energy-releasing reaction

exothermic

energy-absorbing reaction

endothermic

what kind of reaction is this

enothermic

what kind of reaction is this

exothermic

The jobs of enzymes in a chemical reaction

speed up the reaction

what is activation energy

minimum amoutn of energy for reaction to occur

do enzymes increase or decrease the activation energy in a graph

decrease

what effects the enzymes ability to work

pH, temp, salinity

the affects if enzyme put in an environment not optimum

enzyme will no longer work

what did scientist Hooke contribute to cells

first person to identify/observe cells- cells are basic unit of life

what did scientist Leeuwenhoek contribute to cell theory

first to observe microorganisms- cells are basic unit of life

what did Schleiden contribute to cell theory

all plants composed of cells- all living things made of cells

what did schwann contribute to cell theory

all animals composed of cells- all living things made of cells

what did virchow contribute to cell theory

all cells come from existing cells- new cells produce from existing cells

what is cell theory

All living things are made up of cells, cells are the basic units of life, new cells are produced from existing cells

Know the two different microscopes

light microscope, electron microscope

Prokaryotic cell

- no nucleus
- no organelles
- cytoplasm
- oldest form of life

Eukaryotic cell

- have nucleus for DNA
- membrane bound organelles
- ribosomes

Mitochandria

convert chemical energy from food into compounds cell can use- cellular respiration

Chloroplast

contain chlorophyl that absorbs light energy- photosynthesis

Centrioles

do mitosis

Nucleus

holds DNA/RNA

plasma membrane

cell membrane

rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

makes protiens

ribosomes

make proteins

golgi apparatus

packages molecules from ER

cytoplasm

liquid inside cell membrane

cilia

help movement

flagella

help move

cell wall (found only in plant cells)

provides support and protection

smooth ER

make lipids and some carbs

cytoskeleton

give cells its shape and capacity for movement

nuclear envelope

lets certain thing in and out of nucleus

vacuoles (only plant cells)

store nutrients, holds and gets rid of waste- when filled with water holds structure

lysosomes (only animal cells)

break down waste