GEO 1013 Exam 2

________ have the highest velocities

P waves

A seismograph works because there is a ________.

vertical ground motion causing the pen to move

A tsunami can occur ________.

when an earthquake occurs in the seafloor like along an oceanic plate boundary

Liquefaction, where normally solid material behaves more like a fluid during an earthquake, occurs because ________.

friction from the vibrations melt rock and produce magmas

The next large earthquake on the San Andreas Fault zone in California is considered likely to be ________.

in Southern California because it has been nearly 300 years since the last major earthquake in that area

Seismic gaps are places where scientists think that ________.

faults are storing elastic strain

Which of the following factors help determine whether a volcanic eruption will be

violent or relatively quiescent?

amount of dissolved gas in the magma, temperature of the magma, composition of the magma (all of the above)

________ is the major dissolved volatile constituent in both magmas and volcanic gases.

water

What type of volcanic material is indicative of eruption under water?

pillow lavas

Volcanic bombs originate ________.

as erupted magma blobs that partly congeal before falling to the ground

Pyroclastic flows move ________.

-A) very rapidly, too fast to outrun on foot

-B) as gravity flows similar to snow avalanches

-C) as a dense cloud that contains hot magma particles suspended in hot gases

and moves rapidly downhill

-D) all of the above

-E) none of the above

all of the above

Mount Pelée on the island of Martinique killed thousands of people in ________.

a pyroclastic flow, also called a nuee ardante Nuée Ardante

Which of the following is a tabular intrusive body with subparallel intrusive contacts?

dike

A ________ is an intrusive, igneous rock body that is tabular and concordant.

sill

A ________ is a near surface, intrusive igneous rock body that results from local inflation of a horizontal sill.

laccolith

The material in the figure was _________ when the folding occurred

The concept of "stress" and "strain" are related because _________

stress causes strain

Large circular downwarped structures are called __________

basins

Monoclines, anticlines, synclines and domes are all examples of

_________

foliation

Most active faults pose a risk to society because they can potentially

produce __________

earthquakes

Monoclines, anticlines, synclines and domes are all examples of

_________

foliation

Orogenesis refers to the formation of mineral deposits.

-True

-False

false

Subduction only occurs when oceanic rocks are forced beneath a

continent.

-True

-False

false

Island arcs and Andean type mountains are both examples of

mountains formed by __________

subduction

The Himalayas and Tibet are the archetypical example of a(n)

_________ mountain belt

collisional

Which of the following is most resistant to both chemical and

physical weathering?

a) clay minerals

b) quartz

c) granite

d) Limestone

quartz

Which of the following is not a physical weathering process?

a) frost wedging

b) salt crystallization

c) tree root growth

d) rocks reacting with organic acids from plants

d

Organisms contribute to soils formation by ____________

a) contributing organic matter to the soil.

b) degrading organic matter to form humus.

c) stirring the soil to allow air infiltration.

d) all of the above.

d

Which of the following best describe the E soil horizon?

leaching zone

As an erosional process, how is mass wasting unique compared to

wind, water, and ice?

mass wasting does not require a transporting medium

Water runoff is a major factor in soil erosion, what is a common land

use practice on slopes to minimize soil erosion?

terracing slopes to stop downslope runoff and rill formation

Which of the following mass movements is most likely to occur in a

geologic setting where the rock strata are inclined?

a) debris flow

b) slump

c) creep

d) rockslide

rockslide

Which one of the following operates primarily in areas of

permafrost?

A) rock avalanche

B) solifluction

C) soil creep

D) mudflow

solifluction

The main process that links water in the atmosphere with water on

Earth's surface is

evaporation

Sediment production occurs primarily in ________ part of a river

system

the head waters

Laminar flow, where water moves in approximately straight-line

paths, characterizes ________.

slow moving streams

Which of the following is not a factor influencing a stream's flow

velocity?

a) channel slope

b) channel sinuosity

c) channel roughness

d) channel width and cross sectional shape

e) the amount of water in the channel

channel sinuosity

An artesian well is one in which ________

water rises above the top of the aquifer without any pumping

Caves most commonly form in ________

limestone

How does a permeable sandstone compare to a karst limestone in

terms of groundwater flow?

________ would have the largest capacity to naturally remove

sewage pollutants.

Slightly clayey sand