Organization of the Body

Anatomy

science of the structure of an organism and the relations of its parts

Physiology

body functions/how parts work

Gross Anatomy

study of the body parts visible to the eye

Microscopic anatomy

study of body parts with a microscope

Cytology

study of cells

Histology

study of tissues

Developmental anatomy

study of human growth and development

Pathological anatomy

study of diseased body structures

Systemic anatomy

study of the body by systems - groups of organs have a common function

Autopoiesis

living organisms are self-organized and self-maintaining

Cell theory

if the entity is made of one or more cells, it is alive

Metabolism

sum total of all physical and chemical reactions occurring in the living body

Physical & Chemical reactions in the living body

-responsiveness

-conductivity

-respiration

-digestion

-absorption

-secretion

-excretion

-circulation

-reproduction

Levels of Organization: Microscopic level

-Organization of chemical structures separates living material from nonliving material

-Organization of atoms, molecules, and macromolecules results in living matter—a gel called cytoplasm

Levels of Organization: Organelle level

Chemical structures organized to form organelles that perform individual functions allows the cell to live

Levels of Organization: Cellular level

-Cells: smallest and most numerous units that possess and exhibit characteristics of life

-Each cell has a nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm within a limiting membrane

-Cells differentiate to perform unique functions

Levels of Organization: Tissue level

-Tissue: an organization of similar cells specialized to perform a certain function

Four major tissue types

•Epithelial

•Connective

•Muscle

Nervous

Levels of Organization: Organ level

made up of several different kinds of perform to perform a specific function

Levels of Organization: System level

-Systems: most complex organizational units of the body

-System level involves varying numbers and kinds of organs arranged to perform complex functions

Support and movement

Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular

Communication, control, and integration

Nervous, Endocrine

Transportation and defense

Cardiovascular, Lymphatic (immunity, fluid balance)

Respiration, nutrition, and excretion

Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary

Reproduction and development

Reproductive

Levels of Organization: Organism level

The living human organism is greater than the sum of its parts

Anatomical position

-Body erect with arms at sides and palms forward

-Head and feet pointing forward

Bilateral symmetry

a term meaning that right and left sides of the body are mirror images

Ipsilateral structures

on the same side of the body in anatomical position

Contralateral structures

on opposite sides of the body in anatomical position

Thoracic Cavity

•Right Pleural (R. Lung)

•Left Pleural (L. Lung)

•Mediastinum (Heart and Trachea)

Abdominopelvic Cavity

•Abdominal cavity - liver, stomach, intestines, kidneys

•Pelvic cavity - bladder, male and female reproductive organs, colon, rectum

Dorsal body cavity

Cranial cavity - brain

Spinal cavity - spinal cord

Parietal

wall of a body cavity or lining membrane that covers its surface

Visceral

thin membrane covering organs within the cavity

Parietal peritoneum

membrane lines inside of abdominal cavity

Visceral peritoneum

membrane covers the organs of the abdominal cavity

Peritoneal Cavity

space between the 2 membranes

Axial subdivision

-Head

-Neck

-Torso, or trunk, and its subdivisions

Appendicular subdivision

-Upper extremity and subdivisions

-Lower extremity and subdivisions

What organs are located in the right hypochondriac region?

Liver and gallbladder

Which organs are found in the epigastric region?

Liver and stomach

What organs are found in the left hypochondriac region?

Stomach and large intestine

Which organs are located in the right lumbar region?

Large and small intestine

What organs are located in the umbilical region?

Transverse colon and small intestine

Which organs are found in the left lumbar region?

Colon

What organs are located in the right iliac (inguinal) region?

Cecum and small intestine

Which organs are located in the hypogastric region?

Small intestine, urinary bladder, and appendix

What organs are located in the left iliac (inguinal) region?

Colon and small intestine

Abdominopelvic quadrants

-Right upper quadrant

-Left upper quadrant

-Right lower quadrant

-Left lower quadrant

What does 'superior' mean in directional terms?

Toward head/up

What does 'inferior' mean in directional terms?

Toward feet/down

What does 'anterior (ventral)' mean in directional terms?

Front

What does 'posterior (dorsal)' mean in directional terms?

Back

What does 'medial' mean in directional terms?

Mid

What does 'lateral' mean in directional terms?

Side

What does 'proximal' mean in directional terms?

Toward origin of one part

What does 'distal' mean in directional terms?

Away from point of origin

What does 'superficial' mean in directional terms?

Near surface

What does 'deep' mean in directional terms?

Away from surface

Sagittal plane

runs front to back; sections through this plane divide the body (or body part) into right and left sides

Frontal plane

runs lengthwise (side to side) and divides the body (or part) into anterior and posterior portions

Transverse (horizontal) plane

a crosswise plane that divides the body (or part) into upper and lower parts

Somatotype

Body Build

Endomorph

Heavy - increased incidence of heart disease

Mesomorph

Muscular

Ectomorph

Thin

Homeostasis

relatively constant states maintained by the body despite external changes

Sensor mechanism

specific sensors detect and react to any changes from normal

e.g. nerves or hormones

Integrating, or control, center

information is analyzed and integrated; if needed, a specific action is then initiated e.g. the brain

Effector mechanism

effectors directly influence controlled physiological variables e.g. action initiated by a gland or organ

Feedback

process of information about a variable constantly flowing back from the sensor to the integrator

Negative feedback control systems

-Are inhibitory

-Stabilize physiological variables

-Produce an action opposite to the change that activated the system

-Are responsible for maintaining homeostasis

-Are much more common than positive feedback control systems

Positive feedback control systems

-Are stimulatory

-Amplify or reinforce the change that is occurring

-Tend to produce destabilizing effects and disrupt homeostasis

-Bring specific body functions to swift completion

Levels of control: intracellular control

•Regulation within cells

•Genes or enzymes can regulate cell processes

Levels of control: Intrinsic control (autoregulation)

•Regulation within tissues or organs

•May involve chemical signals

•May involve other "built in" mechanisms

Levels of control: Extrinsic control

•Regulation from organ to organ

•May involve nerve signals

•May involve endocrine signals (hormones)

Pathology

study of disease

Sign

objective abnormal seen by someone other

than the patient

Symptom

subjective abnormality felt by the patient

Acute

sudden signs and symptoms for a short time

Chronic

signs and symptoms for a long time

Etiology

study of factors that cause disease

Idiopathic

Unknown cause

Pathogenesis

pattern of disease development

Epidemiology

study of occurrence, distribution and transmission

Endemic

disease native to the local region

Epidemic

spreads at the same time

Pandemic

spread over a large geographical area

Risk factors

Genetics, Age, Lifestyle, Stress, Environment, Microorganisms, Preexisting conditions

Pathophysiology

study of physiological processes associated with disease

Genetic Mechanisms

abnormal proteins abnormal function

Pathogenic organisms

parasite lives on

another organism to obtain nutrients

- prions: protein convert other proteins to

become abnormal

Viruses

intracellular parasites, DNA/RNA core

Bacteria

Cells with no nuclei

Fungi

Organisms that can't make own food

Protozoa

one celled organisms (giardiasis)