FOUNDIP FINALS

Philippine Space Agency (PhilSA)

is the central government agency addressing all national issues and activities related to space S&T applications

Republic Act No. 11363

Philippine Space Act

To safeguard Philippine sovereignty, territorial integrity, Philippine interest, and the right to self-determination as mandated by __________________ of the 1987 Constitution

Article II, Section 7

To ensure that the Philippines abides by the various international space treaties and
principles promulgated by the United Nations and is an active participant in the
international space community, including international rules and procedures concerning the
________________, among others.

Outer Space Treaty and Liability Convention

The Philippine Republic Act 11363 was signed on __________ “An Act Establishing the
Philippine Space Development and Utilization Policy and Creating the Philippine Space
Agency,( and for other Purpose).

08 August 2019

Also known as the Philippine Space Act, it mandates the Philippine Space Agency to be the
_____________________ entity of the Executive Branch of the government that will plan, develop, and promote the national space program in line with the Philippine Space Policy

primary policy, planning, coordinating, implementing, and administrative

Key Development Areas of PhilSa

National Security and Development; Hazard Management and Climate Change; Space Industry and Capacity Building'; International Cooperation; Space Education and Awareness; Space Research and Development

National Security and Development

The Philippines will focus on space applications that can
preserve and enhance the country's national security and promote development that is beneficial to all Filipinos

Hazard Management and Climate Studies

The Philippines will develop and utilize space S&T
applications to enhance its hazard management and disaster mitigation strategy as well as ensure the nation's resiliency to climate change

Space Research and Development

To spur rapid scientific growth, the Philippines will focus on conducting research and development (R&D) endeavors in vital areas of space science, technology and allied fields

Space Industry and Capacity Building

The Philippines will create a robust and thriving space
industry to support the country's space program
through private sector involvement and cooperation.

Space Education and Awareness

The Philippines aims to establish a pool of trained space
scientists, engineers and communicators that will be
critical for the country's future space program and
increasing public awareness on its value and benefits.

International Cooperation

Through international partnerships and collaborations,
the Philippines will become a key player in the
Association of Southeast Asian Nation (ASEAN) and
global space community by providing significant
contributions and capabilities on space S&T
application

Powers and Functions of PhilSa

I. Policy, Planning and Coordination
II. Improved Public Access and Resource-Sharing
III. Research and Development (R&D)
IV. Education and Capacity Building
V. Industry Development
VI. International Cooperation

Space Infrastructure, Know-How, and Applications Acceleration through Promotion and Training (SIKAP+)

is designed to expand and strengthen space science research and cooperation in Asia through know-how transfer and sharing of best practices among operators of satellite ground receiving stations and amateur radio satellites, Earth observation and remote sensing practitioners, and new and emerging actors in the space community. The project is in line with PhilSA ISKUELA initiative, or the Inclusive SSTA Know-how Utilization, Exchange, and Localization Activities.

Inclusive SSTA Knowhow Utilization,
Exchange, and Localization Activities

ISKUELA Initiative

In 2021, the Agency continues to focus on creating a conducive environment for ________________________________ innovation in the country through improved access and resource-sharing, and formulating SSTA policies. For 2022, PhilSA’s thrust is embodied in the ISKUELA initiative, which stands for “Inclusive SSTA Knowhow Utilization,
Exchange, and Localization Activities”. PhilSA projects under ISKUELA aim to multiply the value of current local space capabilities by cascading PhilSA’s know-how and extending it to various sectors of Philippine society, from the academe, government agencies to industry and the private sector

space science and technology applications (SSTA)

The ________, in particular, is a pioneering project with a €10 million funding from the European Union (EU)
for a duration of three years, will support the country’s objective of developing and applying space technologies to strengthen the nation’s resilience to natural disasters and climate change.

National Copernicus Capacity Support Action Programme for the Philippines (CopPhil)

Pan-Asia Partnership for Geospatial Air Pollution
Information

PAPGAPI

Expansion of the local space industry efforts were among the highlights of Dr. Marciano’s
report. Following its launch in October 2021, PhilSA’s INCENTIVISE project, which stands for
_______________________, is currently being implemented

Introducing Non-Geostationary Satellite Constellations Test Deployments to Improve Internet Service

In May 2024, the Philippines government has deposited the instrument of accession to the __________________, a treaty that calls for the registration of all objects launched into outer space.

United Nations (UN) Registration Convention

Philippine Permanent Mission to the United
Nations in New York, _____________ (left) hands over the instrument of accession to the United Nations Registration Convention to UN Office of Legal Affairs Treaty Section chief ___________ on May 14, 2024 (New York time). Manila’s accession comes as it bolsters its exchanges on space development through the Philippine Space Agency

Antonio Lagdameo; David Nanopoulos

TALA

the first high-powered hybrid rocket
developed in the Philippines successfully lifted
off at 11:57 AM May 20, 2023 from Crow
Valley Gunnery Range, Capas, Tarlac. It was
able to deploy its Can Satellite payload before
going into fast descent and eventual
deployment of its main parachute for safe landing.

Payloads may include optical cameras,
multispectral or hyperspectral imagers, and
compact _______________ used
for agriculture, urban planning, or
environmental monitoring, other instruments
to measure the space environment, such as
magnetometers to study magnetic fields, or
radiation detectors.

Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)

As a hybrid rocket, TALA used
both ___________________,
which makes handling, shipping,
and storage much safer. The
manufacturing cost is also lower.

solid fuel and liquid oxidizer

TALA was developed in 2018 under the __________________ by students and mentors from St. Cecilia’s College – Cebu. It was supposed to be launched in March 2020 but had been postposed due to the pandemic. In 2022, TALA team and PhilSA began working together to refuel the launch of TALA.

Young Innovators Program of the Philippine
Council for Industry, Energy, and Emerging Technology Research and Development (DOST-PCIEERD)

The Philippines’ second batch of locally
developed cube satellites_______________ were successfully released to
space from the International Space Station
(ISS) on ____________. as a part of
the “Kibo” or Japanese Experiment Module
(JEM) Small Satellite Orbital Deployer-26 (J-
SSOD-26) CubeSat deployment mission.

(CubeSats) Maya-5
and Maya-6; 19 July 2023 at 3:00 p.m

Cubesats (lunchbox-sized satellites)

undertake space-based experiments, make
observations or relay communication signals –
are currently being used by NASA to help try to find
water on the Moon and aid their astronauts on
future missions there

Maya 6

has the experimental on-board computer (OBC-EX) mission payload, which controls the attitude determination and control system (ADCS) and hentenna (HNT) missions.

Maya 5

has the same mission payload as that of Maya-2

Cubesats bus

refers to the hardware foundation that provides it with power, communications, thermal stability, and other
“services” a payload needs to function

The Maya-5 and Maya-6 CubeSats are a _____________________ through Store-and-Forward
(S&F) Mechanism, similar to its predecessor from
Kyutech’s 4th Joint Global Multi-Nation Birds Satellite
(BIRDS-4) Project, Maya-2, which was
decommissioned on 5 July 2022

technology demonstration and educational platform developed for remote data collection

Launched June 29, 2018; Ended Mission November 23, 2020

Maya 1

Launched February 21, 2021; Ended Mission July 5, 2022

Maya 2

Launched August 29, 2021; Ended Mission August 4, 2022

Maya 3 and 4

United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS)

a major entity that addresses issues related to the peaceful exploration and use of
outer space.

International Telecommunication Union (ITU

is responsible for regulating satellite orbits and frequencies to prevent signal interference between different satellites and services

Outer Space Treaty of 1967

lays down fundamental principles for activities in
space, including the prohibition of placing nuclear weapons in orbit and the declaration that space shall be free for exploration and use by all countries.

The international landscape has also witnessed the increasing relevance of ___________ in public diplomacy such as Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs), universities, Regional Organizations, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and civil society movements.

additional stakeholders

Public opinion and global branding

become key factors in the international image of a country

Smart power

Combination of hard and soft power tools (diplomacy)

Science diplomacy is ________________. It can play a key role in responding to some of the most elemental challenges facing the international community

relevant, effective, and potentially transformative

Artemis I (2022)

First uncrewed test flight of integrated Space Launch System (SLS) rocket and its Orion crew capsule.

Artemis II

First crewed fight around the moon

Artemis III (2025/2026)

First crewed flight to land on the moon’s surface

Apollo

was the Olympian god of prophecy and oracles, music, song and poetry, archery, healing, plague and
disease, and the protection of the young. He was depicted as a handsome, beardless youth with long hair and attributes such as a wreath and branch of laurel, bow and quiver of arrows, raven, and lyre.

Artemis

was the Olympian goddess of hunting, the
wilderness and wild animals. She was also a
goddess of childbirth, and the protectress of the girl
child up to the age of marriage--her twin brother was similarly the protector of the boy child. Together the two gods were also bringers of sudden
death and disease--she targetted women and girls, while her brother targetted men and boys

__________ have conceptualised ____________ as ‘the formal and informal interactions, agreements, and deliberations that occur among actors
involved in space, whether conducted by professional diplomats or non-state actors

Cross and Pekkanen; Space Diplomacy

Accords

are an international agreement meant to support the
expansion of NASA’s Artemis programme and its mission to establish the first long-term presence on the Moon.

Artemis Accords

are principles founded on the 1967 Treaty on Principles
Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies (the Outer Space Treaty) that
seek to create a safe and transparent space environment to facilitate exploration, science, and commercial activities.

The negotiations for the Accords are an example of ___________ that did not wait around for a crisis in space and were expertly crafted during the historic Covid-19 pandemic.

diplomatic activism

Public diplomacy

aims to build and maintain relationships with publics in
foreign countries

Soft power

stems from cultural values embedded in foreign policy

The concept of space diplomacy outlined by Cross and Pekkanen assumes a _________ between practitioners of science and technology and diplomats

co-operative interplay

Science diplomacy

has no prerequisite for political or ideological neutrality; Dialogue, negotiation, and compromise are its foundation, and it is designed to understand, engage, inform, and influence foreign actors in support of national interests.

Following the definitions provided by the _____________, in the context of space diplomacy, the science for diplomacy dimension might be operationalised as using scientific knowledge about outer space and knowledge about Earth collected
from space for building and improving international relations

British Royal Society and the American Association for the Advancement of Science

Jonsson and Hall

recognize public and private communication as two types of diplomatic exchange

Public Communication

refers mainly to public diplomacy based on initiatives by
the government of one country to influence the politicians or public opinion of
another country

Space Domain

public diplomatic communication aims to persuade
foreign publics to regard its space policy, its values and ideas favourably.

Private Diplomatic Communication

used as a means of diplomacy to obtain information from certain individuals and non-governmental groups; can be utilized in negotiations with recognized representatives, professionals, enterprises and private industry to draft foreign and global
polic; when it occurs with professionals such as
scientists, is also about acquiring, utilizing and communicating scientific knowledge within different state sectors.

The recommendations of ________________ on transparency and confidence-building measures in outer space activities constituted cornerstones for building the US foreign policy position during Trump’s
presidency.

UNISPACE III and the World Summit on Sustainable Development and UNGA Resolution

the ________________ held international ministerial- level events on international collaboration. They promoted space for peaceful purposes and sustainability in the Tokyo Principles for International Space Exploration.

US government and the government of Japan

“Through the Artemis program, the United States is building the broadest and most diverse international human space exploration coalition in history,” Secretary of State ______________said in November 2022.

Antony Blinken

April 12

International Day of Human Space Flight; the anniversary of the first manned space flight by Yuri Gagarin of the Soviet Union in 1961

July 20, 1969

U.S. astronaut Neil Armstrong became the first person
to walk on the moon

The Artemis program is also bolstering international
partnerships. The United States and seven other nations
signed the Artemis Accords on ____________. The
Artemis Accords are a series of guiding principles to ensure future space exploration is peaceful, sustainable and beneficial to all

October 13, 2020

Artemis Accords

prevent nations from claiming sovereignty over outer space, and seek to facilitate exploration, science and commercial activities for all humanity to enjoy. More than 20 countries have already signed the agreement, which includes Australia, Canada, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Ukraine, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom and the United States.

Space Policy Directive 1

The amended policy provided a basis for diplomatic negotiations on strengthening US national security in outer space activities; residential mandate and supportive recommendations coming from National Space Council’s (NSpC), individuals affiliated with the US Department of State and NASA’s Office of International and Interagency Relations (OIIR)
drafted the Artemis Accords.

The _____________created a policy and governance framework for lunar activities to operationalize a need for leadership in space policy, that stemmed from the White House during Donald Trump’s presidency.

Accords

Nigeria and Rwanda

22nd and 23rd countries to sign up for the Accords

October 27, 2025

PH signed the Artemis Accords at the margins of
the ASEAN Leaders’ Summit in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

C-175

an action memorandum from a bureau
or office in the US State Department to a Department official at the Assistant
Secretary level or above, requesting authority to negotiate, conclude, amend,
extend, or terminate an international agreement..

Diplomacy and military force

means to the ends of statecraft as well as channels by which governments press their agendas onto
others. Neither is inherently more or less useful than the other

Diplomacy

verbally communicates realities that may move nations (it is not to be confused with any particular message diplomats may carry or with its effects); represents realities

Military action

(not to be confused with war) physically communicates a government’s wishes by trying to sweep away resistance to them; creates reality

Republic Act No. 7157

Philippine Foreign Service Act

Conventionally, major military action is called ____. The
connection between means and ends determines the
character of actions

War

War

is military operations tailored to achieve one’s
preferred peace. Only insofar as a military operation is
so crafted as to bring about the desired peace does it
qualify as an act of war as opposed to senseless
violence

John Quincy Adams

believed that governments understand their own and others’ interests quite well. His involvement in diplomacy, which lasted from 1778 to the end of his presidency in 1829, convinced him not that negotiations are superfluous, but rather that they ratify the several parties’ recognition of existing realities regardless of agreements or lack thereof.

Whether with regard to the Korean and Vietnam wars, the Soviet Union, or the Middle East and
North Korea in our time, the default U.S. modus operandi has been to ________________, for diplomats to treat all interlocutors as “partners,” and to treat negotiations as mutual good-faith searches for agreements

consider diplomacy as an independent factor

Competent Diplomacy

requires deciding on one’s own course of action before making diplomatic contact rather than during negotiations

Jobs in policymaking have always been attractive, but _______________________________

making hard choices is naturally unattractive.

figuring out what ____________ may be and securing them requires some creativity. Consider Thucydides’ account of the Spartan general Brasidas’ conquest of Thrace, accomplished very largely through
diplomacy

“the available terms”

Balance of incentives

an edge in the capacity to instill fear usually outweighs
positive factors

diplomacy is not about tricks, lies, bluffs
or misrepresentations. It is about ___________________ on which all may rely,
and of course on the compelling qualities of the
things the words represent

representing reality in precise words

21st century statecraft is rooted in________________ that embrace open markets, open societies and open governments

liberal American values

The German ambassador to the United States, ______________, rightly judged that at least from May 1916 until January 31, 1917, Wilson was genuinely neutral and passionate about making peace

Johann von Bernstorff

Open Information Networks

have altered power dynamics around the world
and forced governments to respond

Four Major Arenas for Change

(1)the methods of diplomacy; (2) the approach to development programs; (3)the focus on new policy issues; and (4) the work inside embassies, bureaus, and offices.

State-to-State Diplomacy [Forms of Diplomacy]

govt to govt; treaties; summits

State-to-People Diplomacy [Forms of Diplomacy]

Public diplomacy soft power; cultural exchanges

People-to-State Diplomacy [Forms of Diplomacy]

advocacy and influence from below; protests; human rights campaigns

People-to-People Diplomacy [Forms of Diplomacy]

grassroots and civil society; student and academic exchanges; sports events

“Civil Society 2.0” initiative

build the technical capacity of civil society organizations to accomplish their missions through the use of
connection technologies.

Internet Freedom

The cornerstone of the 21st century statecraft policy agenda; free speech, press, and assembly, open markets, freedom to connect

Sports Diplomacy

has no barrier because sports are a universal phenomenon, transcending linguistic, national, and cultural boundaries.

Greeks

Developer of first forms of international organizations

Olympic Games and festivals

agreed on a truce, represented controlled international
relations during which cooperative arrangements could be made; the wide respect and use of oracles (Delphi a sacred site in ancient Greece; pilgrimages made for advice from God Apollo

Leagues

made up of communities in the area of a famous shrine; were responsible for the maintenance of the temple and care of the worship within it; agreed on shared
arrangements and responsibilities