[VOL 6] IELTS Reading Test 5 PASSAGE 3

preface

/ˈprɛfɪs/ (n/v) lời tựa; mở đầu; collocation: write a preface, preface a book; ví dụ: In this preface, the writer explains the scope of his study.

be subject to (sth)

/bi ˈsʌbdʒɪkt tə/ (phr v) chịu, bị chi phối bởi; collocation: be subject to change/rules; ví dụ: Everyday life has been subject to increasing change.

antiquity

/ænˈtɪkwɪti/ (n) thời cổ đại; collocation: in antiquity, writers of antiquity; ví dụ: The law of change was operative in antiquity.

operative

/ˈɒp(ə)rətɪv/ (adj) có hiệu lực, vận hành; collocation: be operative in, operative principle; ví dụ: The law of change was not less operative in antiquity.

commonplace

/ˈkɒmənpleɪs/ (n/adj) điều quen thuộc; tầm thường; collocation: become commonplace; ví dụ: It was a commonplace of Roman rhetoric to contrast ages.

rhetoric

/ˈrɛtərɪk/ (n) tu từ học; lời lẽ hùng biện; collocation: Roman rhetoric, political rhetoric; ví dụ: Roman rhetoric contrasted republican simplicity with imperial luxury.

crude

/kruːd/ (adj) thô sơ, mộc mạc; collocation: crude simplicity, crude tools; ví dụ: Writers praised the crude simplicity of the Republic.

imperial

/ɪmˈpɪəriəl/ (adj) thuộc đế quốc/hoàng đế; collocation: imperial Rome, imperial times; ví dụ: They contrasted it with the luxury of imperial times.

confine

/kənˈfaɪn/ (v) giới hạn; collocation: confine oneself to, confine a study; ví dụ: This history will confine itself to one generation.

reign

/reɪn/ (n/v) triều đại, trị vì; collocation: the reign of Nero/Trajan; ví dụ: Born near the end of the reign of Claudius.

prosperous

/ˈprɒspərəs/ (adj) thịnh vượng; collocation: prosperous period/city; ví dụ: The Empire was at its most powerful and prosperous.

conquest

/ˈkɒŋkwest/ (n) sự chinh phục; collocation: Roman conquests, conquest of Dacia; ví dụ: It witnessed the last conquests of the Caesars.

pinnacle

/ˈpɪnəkl/ (n) đỉnh cao; collocation: reach the pinnacle, the pinnacle of civilization; ví dụ: That generation attained the pinnacle of ancient civilization.

coincidence

/kəʊˈɪnsɪdəns/ (n) sự trùng hợp; collocation: by a fortunate coincidence; ví dụ: By a fortunate coincidence, records from that era are rich.

profusion

/prəˈfjuːʒn/ (n) sự dồi dào, phong phú; collocation: a profusion of descriptions; ví dụ: We have a profusion of vivid descriptions.

immense

/ɪˈmɛns/ (adj) bao la, rất lớn; collocation: immense fund/evidence; ví dụ: Ruins supply an immense fund of archaeological evidence.

gulf

/ɡʌlf/ (n) hố sâu, khoảng cách lớn; collocation: a great gulf between; ví dụ: A much greater gulf separated peasant and townsman.

peasant

/ˈpɛznt/ (n) nông dân; collocation: peasant class, peasant life; ví dụ: Peasants faced unending labour without profit.

townsman

/ˈtaʊnzmən/ (n) dân thị trấn, người thành thị; collocation: a townsman of antiquity; ví dụ: The townsman enjoyed urban goods and spectacles.

inequality

/ˌɪnɪˈkwɒləti/ (n) bất bình đẳng; collocation: social/economic inequality; ví dụ: Inequality pitted peasant against townsman.

pit (A against B)

/pɪt/ (v) đặt vào thế đối đầu; collocation: pit one against another; ví dụ: Inequality pitted one against the other in a fierce struggle.

fierce

/fɪəs/ (adj) dữ dội, khốc liệt; collocation: fierce struggle, fierce debate; ví dụ: A fierce and silent struggle pierced defenses.

pierce

/pɪəs/ (v) đâm thủng, xuyên qua; collocation: pierce the wall/defence; ví dụ: The struggle pierced the wall protecting the privileged classes.

unending

/ʌnˈɛndɪŋ/ (adj) bất tận; collocation: unending labour, unending conflict; ví dụ: The peasant knew nothing but unending labour.

spectacle

/ˈspɛktəkl/ (n) cảnh tượng, cuộc trình diễn; collocation: public spectacle, magnificent spectacles; ví dụ: Cities offered magnificent public spectacles.

pacify

/ˈpæsɪfaɪ/ (v) làm yên ổn, bình định; collocation: pacify a region/world; ví dụ: Rome seemed to have pacified the world forever.

milieu

/ˈmiːljɜː/ (n) môi trường, bối cảnh xã hội; collocation: social milieu, cultural milieu; ví dụ: Reconstruct the social milieu of the governing classes.

sentiment

/ˈsɛntɪmənt/ (n) tình cảm, quan điểm; collocation: public sentiment, moral sentiment; ví dụ: Investigate the moral background of thought and sentiment.

plot out

/plɒt aʊt/ (v phr) vạch ra, phác thảo; collocation: plot out the framework/lines; ví dụ: We must plot out the framework of their lives.

unintelligible

/ˌʌnɪnˈtɛlɪdʒəbl/ (adj) khó hiểu, không thể hiểu; collocation: become unintelligible; ví dụ: Daily routine is unintelligible outside its framework.

emperor

/ˈɛmpərə(r)/ (n) hoàng đế; collocation: Roman emperor, Emperor Hadrian; ví dụ: Hadrian created Ostia as a commercial city.