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Drainage Patterns
Networks of streams that form distinctive patterns
Types of drainage patterns
Dendritic
Radial
Rectangular
Trellis
Groundwater Features
Springs
Hot springs
Wells
Artificial
Karst topography
Springs
water flow confined to limestone based aquifers
Hot springs
Water is 6–9° C (10–15° F) warmer than the mean air temperature of the locality
Heated by cooling of igneous rock
Geysers
Intermittent hot springs
Water turns to steam and erupts
Wells
Artesian (naturally flowing)
High pressure recharge
Artificial (pumped)
Drawdown (cone of depression)
Karst topography
Caused by mildy acidic groundwater (carbonic acid)
Dissolves limestone
Produces caves and sinkholes
Speleothems (stalactites and stalagmites)
Dripstone
Groundwater contamination
Contaminants may consist of VOCs, heavy metals, bacteria, radioactive elements, etc…
DNAPL VS LNAPL
Synthetic vs natural sources
Acute vs chronic heath effects
Contamination ~ urbanization
Cleanup is never-ending!!!
spillway - alleviate pressure on dams
