APES Unit 4 Study Guide

Total Fertility Rate

The average number of children per woman

Replacement Rate

Replacement level fertility is the level of fertility at which a population exactly replaces itself from one generation to the next.

In developed countries, replacement level fertility can be taken as required an average of 2.1 children.

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

The number of deaths occurring during the year, per 1,000 people in the population

Infant Mortality / Infant Mortality Rate

The death of an infant before their first birthday. Infant mortality rate is the number of infant deaths for every 1,000 live births.

Child Mortality / Child Mortality Rate

The death of a child before their 5th birthday. Child mortality rate is the number of child deaths for every 1,000 live births.

Factors that influence birth and fertility rates

-age of marriage and first child

-educational and employment opportunities for women

-access to family planning

-government acts and policies

Demographic Transition model

The model of population change due to a shift in growth over time from rapid → slow → decline.

stage 1 of demographic transition

High stationary: Low growth; Very high birth and death rates; Hunting & gathering, agricultural societies.

stage 2 of demographic transition

Early expanding: High growth; Rapidly declining death rates and very high birth rates; Industrial societies or societies that benefit from the medical revolution. (Egypt, Kenya, India)

stage 3 of demographic transition

Late expanding: Decreasing growth; Birth rates rapidly decline; death rates continue to decline; Highly urban societies. (Brazil)

stage 4 of demographic transition

Low stationary: Low growth; Very low birth and death rates = zero population growth (USA, UK)

stage 5 of demographic transition

declining population: very low birth rates, low death rates, slow decrease (Germany)

Type I Survivorship Curves

Low death rate, many live to old age. K-selected species. (Humans)

Type II Survivorship Curve

Constant loss. Moderate death rate, individuals die at all ages. (Songbirds, lizards, jellyfish)

Type III Survivorship Curve

High death rate, many individuals die young and few live to old age. r-selected species. (Rats, insects, trees)

Life Expectancy (LE)

Average age of death in a population

Density dependent factors

competition for food/water, parasitism, predation

Density independent factors

natural disasters (wildfires, hurricanes, severe weather)

Urban sprawl

The process of urban areas expanding outwards, usually in the form of suburbs, and developing over fertile agricultural land. Impacts: loss of ecosystems, farmland, natural cover.

Disruptions to the water cycle due to urbanization

Addition of impermeable/impervious surfaces (cement, pavement) Decreased infiltration, (groundwater recharge), Increased runoff, Increased pollutants in water ways

Advantages of city life

Employment opportunities, better education, better amenities (hospitals, transportation)

Disadvantages of city life

Cost of living (rent, utilities, food, taxes), pollution, competition for resources, less natural environments

Urban runoff

Urban runoff is the flow of water from precipitation and outdoor water use that travels over surfaces in cities and does not soak into the ground. This water collects pollutants like motor oil, pesticides, and trash as it flows over roads, rooftops, and driveways, often ending up in storm drains that lead directly into rivers and lakes.

Urban heat island effect

the heat that cities generate as a result of having many buildings and few trees or other vegetation

Ecological Footprint

the impact of a person or community on the environment, expressed as the amount of land required to sustain their use of natural resources.

Ecological assets

what a given pop. requires to produce the natural resources it consumes and to absorb its waste, especially carbon emissions.

Ecological deficit

An ecological deficit happens when a population consumes natural resources faster than the Earth (or a specific region) can regenerate them

Earth overshoot day

Marks the day when humanity's demand for ecological resources in a given year exceeds what Earth can regenerate in one year

Tragedy of the Commons

Suggests that individuals will use shared resources in their own self interest rather than in keeping with the common good, thereby depleting the resources.

Examples of tragedy of the commons

Overfishing, Water use, Deforestation - agriculture, Public parks or facilities