BIO 25 Exam 2 Questions

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1
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What are the major components of the nervous system?

Brain
Spinal cord
Nerves
All of the above
All of the above
2
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What is the primary cell of the nervous system?

neurolemmocyte
Neuroglia
Neuron
Neuron
3
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What material is found wrapped around axons?

Body
Dendrite
Ganglia
Myelin
Myelin
4
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What bones protect the spinal cord?

cranial bones
rib bones
vertebrae bones
Vertebrae bones
5
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How do neurons communicate?

Electrical changes at the membrane
The movement of cytoskeletal proteins
Endo-and exocytosis of materials
Electrical changes at the membrane
6
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Which ions are most important in determining electrical potential?

Acetylcholine and glutamate
Actin and myosin
Calcium and magnesium
Sodium and potassium
Sodium and Potassium
7
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What happens when a neuron is stimulated?

Calcium ions enter the cell
Magnesium ions enter the cell
Potassium ions enter the cell
Sodium ions enter the cell
Sodium ions enter the cell
8
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Where does the action potential travel?

Across the dendrites.
Down the length of the axon.
Into the cell body.
Down the length of the axon
9
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The Central Nervous System (CNS) is composed of the ___.

Brain and spinal cord
Brain only
Brain, spinal cord, nerves
Nerves only
Spinal cord and nerves
Brain and Spinal cord
10
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The sensation of the skin such as touch, pressure, temperature is a _____ pathway of the peripheral nervous system.

integration, processing
motor, efferent
sensory, afferent
Sensory, afferent
11
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What does it mean for a sensory pathway to be AFFERENT?

- sensory signals are diffusely spread throughout the body, skin and special senses
- sensory signals are input FROM the peripheral nerves traveling TO the CNS
- sensory signals are specific only to the eyes, ears, nose and tongue.
- sensory signals flow FROM the CNS out TO the peripheral nerves in the skin
sensory signals are input FROM the peripheral nerves traveling TO the CNS
12
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The output TO skeletal muscle, organs and glands uses the following pathway:

brain: spinal cord : motor neuron : skeletal muscle
skeletal muscle : motor neuron : spinal cord : brain
spinal cord : motor neuron : brain : skeletal muscle
brain: spinal cord : motor neuron : skeletal muscle
13
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Which of the following correctly describes a nerve?

A bundle of axons in the central nervous system
A bundle of axons in the peripheral nervous system
A cluster of cell bodies in the central nervous system
A cluster of cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system
A bundle of axons in the peripheral nervous system
14
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Which of the following contains sensory receptors?

blood vessels
ears
eyes
organs
skin
ALL of the ABOVE
ALL of the ABOVE
15
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What is the difference between a somatic motor pathway and an autonomic motor pathway?

Autonomic motor neurons do not go through the brain.
Autonomic targets are the organs, somatic target is the skin.
Somatic motor neurons do not go through the spinal cord.
Somatic targets are skeletal muscles, autonomic targets are organs.
Somatic targets are skeletal muscles, autonomic targets are organs.
16
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The primary excitable cell in the nervous system is the _____ .
astrocyte
microglia
neuron
schwann cell
neuron
17
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Which portion of a neuron receives input from other cells?

Axon
Dendrite
Synaptic bulb
Dendrite
18
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What is the purpose of myelin?

- It creates a barrier around the axon to prevent pathogen entry.
- It forms the synaptic bulbs on axons to connect to other cells.
- It insulates the axon and increases the speed of electrical signals.
- It provides protective connective tissue that prevents damage to the axon.
- It insulates the axon and increases the speed of electrical signals.
19
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Which part of the neuron would you expect to see if you looked at WHITE MATTER under a microscope!

Cell bodies
Myelinated Axons
Synapses
Un-myelinated axons
Myelinated Axons
20
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Where is the difference in electrical charge located in a neuron?

Across the plasma membrane
Inside the endoplasmic reticulum
Surrounding the dendrites
Within the nucleus
Across the plasma membrane
21
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How is the membrane potential measured in a neuron?

Units of concentration
Units of force
Units of time
Units of voltage
Units of voltage
22
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At rest, what does the Sodium Potassium Pump (Na/K - ATPase) do in a neuron?

-It moves 3 sodium OUT of the cell for every 2 potassium INTO the cell
-It opens 3 sodium channels for every 2 potassium channels in the membrane
-It releases 3 sodium and 2 potassium from the endoplasmic reticulum
-It stores 3 sodium and 2 potassium in the endoplasmic reticulum
It moves 3 sodium OUT of the cell for every 2 potassium INTO the cell
23
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At rest, what is the state of the sodium and potassium concentration (chemical) gradients

-Sodium and potassium are a low concentration outside
-Sodium and potassium are both a high concentration outside
-Sodium is less concentrated outside, potassium is less concentrated inside
-Sodium is more concentrated outside, potassium is more concentrated inside
Sodium is more concentrated outside, potassium is more concentrated inside (salty Banana)
24
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Match the following membrane voltage (Vm) values for an example neuron

- Resting potential
- Threshold
The peak of action potential depolarization
Repolarization/Hyperpolarization
Size of a positive graded potential
Size of a negative graded potential
-70
-60
+30
-90
+5
-5
25
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What is a graded potential?

-A large change in membrane potential, always excitatory
-A large change in membrane potential, can be excitatory or inhibitory
-A small change in membrane potential, always excitatory
-A small change in membrane potential, can be excitatory or inhibitory
A small change in membrane potential, can be excitatory or inhibitory
26
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How does a neuron reach threshold?

Action potentials increase in frequency
Graded potentials build up
Membrane potential is hyperpolarized
Resting potential is decreased
Graded potentials build up
27
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What is an action potential?

A broad, wide wave of chemical release that spreads across the synapse
A large, rapid, all or nothing electrical signal that moves down the axon
A small, predictable electrical signal that builds up at a dendrite
A large, rapid, all or nothing electrical signal that moves down the axon
28
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What type of channels are opened when a neuron reaches threshold?

Chemically gated potassium channels
Chemically gated sodium channels
Voltage gated potassium channels
Voltage gated sodium channels
Voltage gated sodium channels
29
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What type of channels are opened during the hyperpolarization phase of an action potential?

Chemically gated potassium channels
Chemically gated sodium channels
Voltage gated potassium channels
Voltage gated sodium channels
Voltage gated potassium channels
30
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What type of channels open to cause DEpolarization?

Chemically gated potassium channels
Chemically gated sodium channels
Voltage gated potassium channels
Voltage gated sodium channels
Voltage gated sodium channels
31
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What type of channels open to cause REpolarization?
Chemically gated potassium channels
Chemically gated sodium channels
Voltage gated potassium channels
Voltage gated sodium channels
Voltage gated potassium channels
32
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During the _____ , all sodium channels are either engaged or inactivated - no further action potentials can be stimulated.
Absolute refractory period
Relative refractory period
Resting period
Threshold period
Absolute refractory period
33
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During the _____ , the membrane is hyperpolarized and sodium channels begin to recover - if a strong stimulus is received a second action potential may occur.

Absolute refractory period
Relative refractory period
Resting period
Threshold period
Relative refractory period
34
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Which of the following descriptions would use an action potential for signaling in the nervous system. CHECK ALL that apply.

A very light touch sensation stimulates a sensory receptor
The sensory neuron sends a signal to the spinal cord
The dendrite of an interneuorn in the spinal cord receives a small amount of neurotransmitter
A motor neuron sends a signal form the spinal cord to a muscle
The sensory neuron sends a signal to the spinal cord AND A motor neuron sends a signal from the spinal cord to a muscle
35
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What are the targets of the autonomic nervous system?
Skeletal muscle
Skin
Special senses
Organs
Organs
36
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What is the "rest and digest" branch of the Autonomic Nervous System?

Afferent nervous system
Sympathetic nervous system
Parasympathetic nervous system
Visceral nervous system
Parasympathetic nervous system
37
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When activated, the sympathetic nervous system redirects blood to:
The brain, heart and skeletal muscle to be able to "run away"
The difestive system to "increase nutrients"
The immune system to "to fight infection"
The brain, heart and skeletal muscle to be able to "run away"
38
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Stressors tend to activate the__________.

Parasympathetic nervous system
Sympathetic nervous system
Sympathetic nervous system
39
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Starting with the outmost layer, name the layers of meninges that protect the brain

Dura mater; arachnoid mater; pia mater
pia mater; arachnoid mater; dura mater
arachnoid mater; dura mater; pia mater
Dura mater; arachnoid mater; pia mater
40
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Which neuroglial cells surround the capillaries to form the blood brain barrier?

astrocytes
ependymal cells
schwann cells
microglia
astrocytes
41
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Which neuroglial cells line the ventricles to form cerebrospinal fluid?

astrocytes
ependymal cells
schwann cells
Microglia
ependymal cells
42
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What is the pathway of cerebrospinal fluid through the brain?

4th ventricle; 3rd ventricle; cerebral aqueduct; lateral ventricles
cerebral aqueduct; lateral ventricles; 3rd ventricle; 4th ventricle
lateral ventricles; 3rd ventricle; cerebral aqueduct; 4th ventricle
lateral ventricles; 3rd ventricle; cerebral aqueduct; 4th ventricle
43
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A group of cell bodies found in the central nervous system is called a _____, a group of cell bodies found outside the central nervous system is a _____.

nerve: tract
tract: nerve
nucleus: ganglion
ganglion: nucleus
nucleus: ganglion
44
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The anterior portion of the brain that contains motor and pre-motor areas is the ____.

Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Temporal lobe
Occipital lobe
Frontal lobe
45
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Which lobe contains the post-central gyrus and somatosensory areas?
Frontal lobe
Insula
Occipital lobe
Parietal lobe
Temporal lobe
Parietal lobe
46
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What is the function of the hypothalamus?
Starting and stopping movements and emotional processing
Coordination of movement and balance
Sensory filtering and processing
homeostasis,endocrine and autonomic control
homeostasis, endocrine and autonomic control
47
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Which regions make up the brainstem?

Cerebral peduncles, pyramids, spinal cord
midbrain , pons medulla oblongata
thalamus . hypothalamus, basal nuclei
midbrain , pons medulla oblongata
48
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Which area of the brain contains reflex centers for cardiovascular, respiratory, swallowing and sneezing?

Cerebral cortex
Medulla oblongata
Midbrain
Thalamus
Medulla oblongata
49
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WHICH NEUROGLIAL CELLS REMOVE CELLULAR DEBRIS AND PATHOGENS?

astrocytes
ependymal cells
schwann cells
Microglia
MICROGLIA
50
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WHICH NEUROGLIAL CELLS FORMS MYELIN SHEATH around the axons in the CNS?

astrocytes
ependymal cells
schwann cells
Microglia
Oligodendrocyte
Oligodendrocyte
51
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WHICH NEUROGLIAL CELLS SURROUNDS CELL BODY AND REGULATES NUTRIENT AND WASTE COMPOSITION.

astrocytes
ependymal cells
schwann cells
Microglia
Oligodendrocyte
Satellite cell
Satellite cell
52
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WHICH NEUROGLIAL CELLS form myelin sheath around the axons in the PNS?

astrocytes
ependymal cells
schwann cells
Microglia
Oligodendrocyte
Satelltie cell
schwann cells
53
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What differentiates Spatial and temporal summations?
Temporal summation: ONE presynaptic neuron releases neurotransmitters to fire an action potential


Spatial summation: MULTIPLE presynaptic neurons release neurotransmitter to fire an action potential
54
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List ALL the steps of an ACTION POTENTIAL

1.Resting phase
2. Threshold
3.Depolarization
4. Repolarization
5. Resting phase.