BIO 25 Exam 2 Questions

What are the major components of the nervous system?

Brain
Spinal cord
Nerves
All of the above

All of the above

What is the primary cell of the nervous system?

neurolemmocyte
Neuroglia
Neuron

Neuron

What material is found wrapped around axons?

Body
Dendrite
Ganglia
Myelin

Myelin

What bones protect the spinal cord?

cranial bones
rib bones
vertebrae bones

Vertebrae bones

How do neurons communicate?

Electrical changes at the membrane
The movement of cytoskeletal proteins
Endo-and exocytosis of materials

Electrical changes at the membrane

Which ions are most important in determining electrical potential?

Acetylcholine and glutamate
Actin and myosin
Calcium and magnesium
Sodium and potassium

Sodium and Potassium

What happens when a neuron is stimulated?

Calcium ions enter the cell
Magnesium ions enter the cell
Potassium ions enter the cell
Sodium ions enter the cell

Sodium ions enter the cell

Where does the action potential travel?

Across the dendrites.
Down the length of the axon.
Into the cell body.

Down the length of the axon

The Central Nervous System (CNS) is composed of the ___.

Brain and spinal cord
Brain only
Brain, spinal cord, nerves
Nerves only
Spinal cord and nerves

Brain and Spinal cord

The sensation of the skin such as touch, pressure, temperature is a _____ pathway of the peripheral nervous system.

integration, processing
motor, efferent
sensory, afferent

Sensory, afferent

What does it mean for a sensory pathway to be AFFERENT?

- sensory signals are diffusely spread throughout the body, skin and special senses
- sensory signals are input FROM the peripheral nerves traveling TO the CNS
- sensory signals are specific only to the eyes, ears, nose and tongue.
- sensory signals flow FROM the CNS out TO the peripheral nerves in the skin

sensory signals are input FROM the peripheral nerves traveling TO the CNS

The output TO skeletal muscle, organs and glands uses the following pathway:

brain: spinal cord : motor neuron : skeletal muscle
skeletal muscle : motor neuron : spinal cord : brain
spinal cord : motor neuron : brain : skeletal muscle

brain: spinal cord : motor neuron : skeletal muscle

Which of the following correctly describes a nerve?

A bundle of axons in the central nervous system
A bundle of axons in the peripheral nervous system
A cluster of cell bodies in the central nervous system
A cluster of cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system

A bundle of axons in the peripheral nervous system

Which of the following contains sensory receptors?

blood vessels
ears
eyes
organs
skin
ALL of the ABOVE

ALL of the ABOVE

What is the difference between a somatic motor pathway and an autonomic motor pathway?

Autonomic motor neurons do not go through the brain.
Autonomic targets are the organs, somatic target is the skin.
Somatic motor neurons do not go through the spinal cord.
Somatic targets are skeletal muscles, autonomic targets are organs.

Somatic targets are skeletal muscles, autonomic targets are organs.

The primary excitable cell in the nervous system is the _____ .
astrocyte
microglia
neuron
schwann cell

neuron

Which portion of a neuron receives input from other cells?

Axon
Dendrite
Synaptic bulb

Dendrite

What is the purpose of myelin?

- It creates a barrier around the axon to prevent pathogen entry.
- It forms the synaptic bulbs on axons to connect to other cells.
- It insulates the axon and increases the speed of electrical signals.
- It provides protective connective tissue that prevents damage to the axon.

- It insulates the axon and increases the speed of electrical signals.

Which part of the neuron would you expect to see if you looked at WHITE MATTER under a microscope!

Cell bodies
Myelinated Axons
Synapses
Un-myelinated axons

Myelinated Axons

Where is the difference in electrical charge located in a neuron?

Across the plasma membrane
Inside the endoplasmic reticulum
Surrounding the dendrites
Within the nucleus

Across the plasma membrane

How is the membrane potential measured in a neuron?

Units of concentration
Units of force
Units of time
Units of voltage

Units of voltage

At rest, what does the Sodium Potassium Pump (Na/K - ATPase) do in a neuron?

-It moves 3 sodium OUT of the cell for every 2 potassium INTO the cell
-It opens 3 sodium channels for every 2 potassium channels in the membrane
-It releases 3 sodium and 2 potassium from the endoplasmic reticulum
-It stores 3 sodium and 2 potassium in the endoplasmic reticulum

It moves 3 sodium OUT of the cell for every 2 potassium INTO the cell

At rest, what is the state of the sodium and potassium concentration (chemical) gradients

-Sodium and potassium are a low concentration outside
-Sodium and potassium are both a high concentration outside
-Sodium is less concentrated outside, potassium is less concentrated inside
-Sodium is more concentrated outside, potassium is more concentrated inside

Sodium is more concentrated outside, potassium is more concentrated inside (salty Banana)

Match the following membrane voltage (Vm) values for an example neuron

- Resting potential
- Threshold
The peak of action potential depolarization
Repolarization/Hyperpolarization
Size of a positive graded potential
Size of a negative graded potential

-70
-60
+30
-90
+5
-5

What is a graded potential?

-A large change in membrane potential, always excitatory
-A large change in membrane potential, can be excitatory or inhibitory
-A small change in membrane potential, always excitatory
-A small change in membrane potential, can be excitatory or inhibitory

A small change in membrane potential, can be excitatory or inhibitory

How does a neuron reach threshold?

Action potentials increase in frequency
Graded potentials build up
Membrane potential is hyperpolarized
Resting potential is decreased

Graded potentials build up

What is an action potential?

A broad, wide wave of chemical release that spreads across the synapse
A large, rapid, all or nothing electrical signal that moves down the axon
A small, predictable electrical signal that builds up at a dendrite

A large, rapid, all or nothing electrical signal that moves down the axon

What type of channels are opened when a neuron reaches threshold?

Chemically gated potassium channels
Chemically gated sodium channels
Voltage gated potassium channels
Voltage gated sodium channels

Voltage gated sodium channels

What type of channels are opened during the hyperpolarization phase of an action potential?

Chemically gated potassium channels
Chemically gated sodium channels
Voltage gated potassium channels
Voltage gated sodium channels

Voltage gated potassium channels

What type of channels open to cause DEpolarization?

Chemically gated potassium channels
Chemically gated sodium channels
Voltage gated potassium channels
Voltage gated sodium channels

Voltage gated sodium channels

What type of channels open to cause REpolarization?
Chemically gated potassium channels
Chemically gated sodium channels
Voltage gated potassium channels
Voltage gated sodium channels

Voltage gated potassium channels

During the _____ , all sodium channels are either engaged or inactivated - no further action potentials can be stimulated.
Absolute refractory period
Relative refractory period
Resting period
Threshold period

Absolute refractory period

During the _____ , the membrane is hyperpolarized and sodium channels begin to recover - if a strong stimulus is received a second action potential may occur.

Absolute refractory period
Relative refractory period
Resting period
Threshold period

Relative refractory period

Which of the following descriptions would use an action potential for signaling in the nervous system. CHECK ALL that apply.

A very light touch sensation stimulates a sensory receptor
The sensory neuron sends a signal to the spinal cord
The dendrite of an interneuorn in the spinal cord receives a small amount of neurotransmitter
A motor neuron sends a signal form the spinal cord to a muscle

The sensory neuron sends a signal to the spinal cord AND A motor neuron sends a signal from the spinal cord to a muscle

What are the targets of the autonomic nervous system?
Skeletal muscle
Skin
Special senses
Organs

Organs

What is the "rest and digest" branch of the Autonomic Nervous System?

Afferent nervous system
Sympathetic nervous system
Parasympathetic nervous system
Visceral nervous system

Parasympathetic nervous system

When activated, the sympathetic nervous system redirects blood to:
The brain, heart and skeletal muscle to be able to "run away"
The difestive system to "increase nutrients"
The immune system to "to fight infection"

The brain, heart and skeletal muscle to be able to "run away"

Stressors tend to activate the__________.

Parasympathetic nervous system
Sympathetic nervous system

Sympathetic nervous system

Starting with the outmost layer, name the layers of meninges that protect the brain

Dura mater; arachnoid mater; pia mater
pia mater; arachnoid mater; dura mater
arachnoid mater; dura mater; pia mater

Dura mater; arachnoid mater; pia mater

Which neuroglial cells surround the capillaries to form the blood brain barrier?

astrocytes
ependymal cells
schwann cells
microglia

astrocytes

Which neuroglial cells line the ventricles to form cerebrospinal fluid?

astrocytes
ependymal cells
schwann cells
Microglia

ependymal cells

What is the pathway of cerebrospinal fluid through the brain?

4th ventricle; 3rd ventricle; cerebral aqueduct; lateral ventricles
cerebral aqueduct; lateral ventricles; 3rd ventricle; 4th ventricle
lateral ventricles; 3rd ventricle; cerebral aqueduct; 4th ventricle

lateral ventricles; 3rd ventricle; cerebral aqueduct; 4th ventricle

A group of cell bodies found in the central nervous system is called a _____, a group of cell bodies found outside the central nervous system is a _____.

nerve: tract
tract: nerve
nucleus: ganglion
ganglion: nucleus

nucleus: ganglion

The anterior portion of the brain that contains motor and pre-motor areas is the ____.

Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Temporal lobe
Occipital lobe

Frontal lobe

Which lobe contains the post-central gyrus and somatosensory areas?
Frontal lobe
Insula
Occipital lobe
Parietal lobe
Temporal lobe

Parietal lobe

What is the function of the hypothalamus?
Starting and stopping movements and emotional processing
Coordination of movement and balance
Sensory filtering and processing
homeostasis,endocrine and autonomic control

homeostasis, endocrine and autonomic control

Which regions make up the brainstem?

Cerebral peduncles, pyramids, spinal cord
midbrain , pons medulla oblongata
thalamus . hypothalamus, basal nuclei

midbrain , pons medulla oblongata

Which area of the brain contains reflex centers for cardiovascular, respiratory, swallowing and sneezing?

Cerebral cortex
Medulla oblongata
Midbrain
Thalamus

Medulla oblongata

WHICH NEUROGLIAL CELLS REMOVE CELLULAR DEBRIS AND PATHOGENS?

astrocytes
ependymal cells
schwann cells
Microglia

MICROGLIA

WHICH NEUROGLIAL CELLS FORMS MYELIN SHEATH around the axons in the CNS?

astrocytes
ependymal cells
schwann cells
Microglia
Oligodendrocyte

Oligodendrocyte

WHICH NEUROGLIAL CELLS SURROUNDS CELL BODY AND REGULATES NUTRIENT AND WASTE COMPOSITION.

astrocytes
ependymal cells
schwann cells
Microglia
Oligodendrocyte
Satellite cell

Satellite cell

WHICH NEUROGLIAL CELLS form myelin sheath around the axons in the PNS?

astrocytes
ependymal cells
schwann cells
Microglia
Oligodendrocyte
Satelltie cell

schwann cells

What differentiates Spatial and temporal summations?

Temporal summation: ONE presynaptic neuron releases neurotransmitters to fire an action potential


Spatial summation: MULTIPLE presynaptic neurons release neurotransmitter to fire an action potential

List ALL the steps of an ACTION POTENTIAL

1.Resting phase
2. Threshold
3.Depolarization
4. Repolarization
5. Resting phase.