Studied by 28 PeopleWhat are the major components of the nervous system?
Brain Spinal cord Nerves All of the above
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What are the major components of the nervous system?
Brain Spinal cord Nerves All of the above
All of the above
What is the primary cell of the nervous system?
neurolemmocyte Neuroglia Neuron
Neuron
What material is found wrapped around axons?
Body Dendrite Ganglia Myelin
Myelin
What bones protect the spinal cord?
cranial bones rib bones vertebrae bones
Vertebrae bones
How do neurons communicate?
Electrical changes at the membrane The movement of cytoskeletal proteins Endo-and exocytosis of materials
Electrical changes at the membrane
Which ions are most important in determining electrical potential?
Acetylcholine and glutamate Actin and myosin Calcium and magnesium Sodium and potassium
Sodium and Potassium
What happens when a neuron is stimulated?
Calcium ions enter the cell Magnesium ions enter the cell Potassium ions enter the cell Sodium ions enter the cell
Sodium ions enter the cell
Where does the action potential travel?
Across the dendrites. Down the length of the axon. Into the cell body.
Down the length of the axon
The Central Nervous System (CNS) is composed of the ___.
Brain and spinal cord Brain only Brain, spinal cord, nerves Nerves only Spinal cord and nerves
Brain and Spinal cord
The sensation of the skin such as touch, pressure, temperature is a _____ pathway of the peripheral nervous system.
integration, processing motor, efferent sensory, afferent
Sensory, afferent
What does it mean for a sensory pathway to be AFFERENT?
sensory signals are diffusely spread throughout the body, skin and special senses
sensory signals are input FROM the peripheral nerves traveling TO the CNS
sensory signals are specific only to the eyes, ears, nose and tongue.
sensory signals flow FROM the CNS out TO the peripheral nerves in the skin
sensory signals are input FROM the peripheral nerves traveling TO the CNS
The output TO skeletal muscle, organs and glands uses the following pathway:
brain: spinal cord : motor neuron : skeletal muscle skeletal muscle : motor neuron : spinal cord : brain spinal cord : motor neuron : brain : skeletal muscle
brain: spinal cord : motor neuron : skeletal muscle
Which of the following correctly describes a nerve?
A bundle of axons in the central nervous system A bundle of axons in the peripheral nervous system A cluster of cell bodies in the central nervous system A cluster of cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system
A bundle of axons in the peripheral nervous system
Which of the following contains sensory receptors?
blood vessels ears eyes organs skin ALL of the ABOVE
ALL of the ABOVE
What is the difference between a somatic motor pathway and an autonomic motor pathway?
Autonomic motor neurons do not go through the brain. Autonomic targets are the organs, somatic target is the skin. Somatic motor neurons do not go through the spinal cord. Somatic targets are skeletal muscles, autonomic targets are organs.
Somatic targets are skeletal muscles, autonomic targets are organs.
The primary excitable cell in the nervous system is the _____ . astrocyte microglia neuron schwann cell
neuron
Which portion of a neuron receives input from other cells?
Axon Dendrite Synaptic bulb
Dendrite
What is the purpose of myelin?
It creates a barrier around the axon to prevent pathogen entry.
It forms the synaptic bulbs on axons to connect to other cells.
It insulates the axon and increases the speed of electrical signals.
It provides protective connective tissue that prevents damage to the axon.
It insulates the axon and increases the speed of electrical signals.
Which part of the neuron would you expect to see if you looked at WHITE MATTER under a microscope!
Cell bodies Myelinated Axons Synapses Un-myelinated axons
Myelinated Axons
Where is the difference in electrical charge located in a neuron?
Across the plasma membrane Inside the endoplasmic reticulum Surrounding the dendrites Within the nucleus
Across the plasma membrane
How is the membrane potential measured in a neuron?
Units of concentration Units of force Units of time Units of voltage
Units of voltage
At rest, what does the Sodium Potassium Pump (Na/K - ATPase) do in a neuron?
-It moves 3 sodium OUT of the cell for every 2 potassium INTO the cell -It opens 3 sodium channels for every 2 potassium channels in the membrane -It releases 3 sodium and 2 potassium from the endoplasmic reticulum -It stores 3 sodium and 2 potassium in the endoplasmic reticulum
It moves 3 sodium OUT of the cell for every 2 potassium INTO the cell
At rest, what is the state of the sodium and potassium concentration (chemical) gradients
-Sodium and potassium are a low concentration outside -Sodium and potassium are both a high concentration outside -Sodium is less concentrated outside, potassium is less concentrated inside -Sodium is more concentrated outside, potassium is more concentrated inside
Sodium is more concentrated outside, potassium is more concentrated inside (salty Banana)
Match the following membrane voltage (Vm) values for an example neuron
Resting potential
Threshold The peak of action potential depolarization Repolarization/Hyperpolarization Size of a positive graded potential Size of a negative graded potential
-70 -60 +30 -90 +5 -5
What is a graded potential?
-A large change in membrane potential, always excitatory -A large change in membrane potential, can be excitatory or inhibitory -A small change in membrane potential, always excitatory -A small change in membrane potential, can be excitatory or inhibitory
A small change in membrane potential, can be excitatory or inhibitory
How does a neuron reach threshold?
Action potentials increase in frequency Graded potentials build up Membrane potential is hyperpolarized Resting potential is decreased
Graded potentials build up
What is an action potential?
A broad, wide wave of chemical release that spreads across the synapse A large, rapid, all or nothing electrical signal that moves down the axon A small, predictable electrical signal that builds up at a dendrite
A large, rapid, all or nothing electrical signal that moves down the axon
What type of channels are opened when a neuron reaches threshold?
Chemically gated potassium channels Chemically gated sodium channels Voltage gated potassium channels Voltage gated sodium channels
Voltage gated sodium channels
What type of channels are opened during the hyperpolarization phase of an action potential?
Chemically gated potassium channels Chemically gated sodium channels Voltage gated potassium channels Voltage gated sodium channels
Voltage gated potassium channels
What type of channels open to cause DEpolarization?
Chemically gated potassium channels Chemically gated sodium channels Voltage gated potassium channels Voltage gated sodium channels
Voltage gated sodium channels
What type of channels open to cause REpolarization? Chemically gated potassium channels Chemically gated sodium channels Voltage gated potassium channels Voltage gated sodium channels
Voltage gated potassium channels
During the _____ , all sodium channels are either engaged or inactivated - no further action potentials can be stimulated. Absolute refractory period Relative refractory period Resting period Threshold period
Absolute refractory period
During the _____ , the membrane is hyperpolarized and sodium channels begin to recover - if a strong stimulus is received a second action potential may occur.
Absolute refractory period Relative refractory period Resting period Threshold period
Relative refractory period
Which of the following descriptions would use an action potential for signaling in the nervous system. CHECK ALL that apply.
A very light touch sensation stimulates a sensory receptor The sensory neuron sends a signal to the spinal cord The dendrite of an interneuorn in the spinal cord receives a small amount of neurotransmitter A motor neuron sends a signal form the spinal cord to a muscle
The sensory neuron sends a signal to the spinal cord AND A motor neuron sends a signal from the spinal cord to a muscle
What are the targets of the autonomic nervous system? Skeletal muscle Skin Special senses Organs
Organs
What is the "rest and digest" branch of the Autonomic Nervous System?
Afferent nervous system Sympathetic nervous system Parasympathetic nervous system Visceral nervous system
Parasympathetic nervous system
When activated, the sympathetic nervous system redirects blood to: The brain, heart and skeletal muscle to be able to "run away" The difestive system to "increase nutrients" The immune system to "to fight infection"
The brain, heart and skeletal muscle to be able to "run away"
Stressors tend to activate the__________.
Parasympathetic nervous system Sympathetic nervous system
Sympathetic nervous system
Starting with the outmost layer, name the layers of meninges that protect the brain
Dura mater; arachnoid mater; pia mater pia mater; arachnoid mater; dura mater arachnoid mater; dura mater; pia mater
Dura mater; arachnoid mater; pia mater
Which neuroglial cells surround the capillaries to form the blood brain barrier?
astrocytes ependymal cells schwann cells microglia
astrocytes
Which neuroglial cells line the ventricles to form cerebrospinal fluid?
astrocytes ependymal cells schwann cells Microglia
ependymal cells
What is the pathway of cerebrospinal fluid through the brain?
4th ventricle; 3rd ventricle; cerebral aqueduct; lateral ventricles cerebral aqueduct; lateral ventricles; 3rd ventricle; 4th ventricle lateral ventricles; 3rd ventricle; cerebral aqueduct; 4th ventricle
lateral ventricles; 3rd ventricle; cerebral aqueduct; 4th ventricle
A group of cell bodies found in the central nervous system is called a _____, a group of cell bodies found outside the central nervous system is a _____.
nerve: tract tract: nerve nucleus: ganglion ganglion: nucleus
nucleus: ganglion
The anterior portion of the brain that contains motor and pre-motor areas is the ____.
Frontal lobe Parietal lobe Temporal lobe Occipital lobe
Frontal lobe
Which lobe contains the post-central gyrus and somatosensory areas? Frontal lobe Insula Occipital lobe Parietal lobe Temporal lobe
Parietal lobe
What is the function of the hypothalamus? Starting and stopping movements and emotional processing Coordination of movement and balance Sensory filtering and processing homeostasis,endocrine and autonomic control
homeostasis, endocrine and autonomic control
Which regions make up the brainstem?
Cerebral peduncles, pyramids, spinal cord midbrain , pons medulla oblongata thalamus . hypothalamus, basal nuclei
midbrain , pons medulla oblongata
Which area of the brain contains reflex centers for cardiovascular, respiratory, swallowing and sneezing?
Cerebral cortex Medulla oblongata Midbrain Thalamus
Medulla oblongata
WHICH NEUROGLIAL CELLS REMOVE CELLULAR DEBRIS AND PATHOGENS?
astrocytes ependymal cells schwann cells Microglia
MICROGLIA