Quantum mechanics

Radioactive byproducts

alpha - 4p+, 2e-

Beta - B+

Gamma - y

Plancks Theory

energy is quantized into packets of energy (quanta)

Albert Einstein, beam of light

is a stream particles are called photons, (packet of energy like quanta)

binding energy

energy to knock off an electron/ measure of the attractive forces

emission spectra

wavelengths of the photons leaving an excited atom

continuous spectra

all visible light exists in it, (sunlight, lights)

Line spectra

requires a diffraction gradient so it splits a light into the rainbow

Li

Red

Na

Orange

K

lavender

Ca

reddish orange

Sr

pink orange

Ba

yellow greenish

Cu

yellow and green

Bohr model

e- exist only in the rings, not anywhere in between

Emission Process

e- transitions between energy levels, releasing energy in the form of photons.

Endergonic

add energy

exorgonic

release energy

rydbergs equation

only for hydrogen, shows energy needed to move between n levels

photoelectric effect

shining light on something so that an e- leaves

electron

is wave-like, reflect, refract, troughs and peaks

is particle like - photons can push electrons

de broglies

lamda = h/mv

heisenburg uncertainty principle

∆x∆mv ≥ h/4π
if you know more about position yk less about direction (velocity) and vice versa

n

principle quantum number, distance from nucleus, 2n² = total electrons in shell

l

angular momentum quantum #, azimuthal #, oribtals

ml

suborbital - magnetic quantum orbital

ms

magnetic spin quantum number

pauli exclusion principle

2 e- in each ml suborbital, have to be spinning opposite

hunds rule

fill spin up first +1/2

paramagnetic

unpaired e-, so attracted to magnets

diamagnetic

paired e-, so not attracted to magnets

valenece electrons,

highest n shell, remove from furthest n shell

Dalton’s

Atoms are indivisible 

All atoms of an element are same 

Atoms of different elements are different 

Atoms combined in fixed ratios form compounds 

Atoms can only be rearranged 

J.J. Thomson

He discovered electrons with the plum pudding model and cathode ray tube experiment (discovered atoms have electrons)

Earnest Rutherford

He discovered atoms are mostly empty space and mass is concentrated in the nucleus. He conducted the gold foil experiment

Democritus

theory that all matter is made up of invisible particles called atomos

s orbital

sphere

p orbital

bow tie

d orbital

clover

f orbital

weird and funky