Cancer Prevention

ONCOL 255 - Intro to Oncology. University of Alberta

Primary Prevention

Measures to assure the population do not get cancer

• ex: abestos laws, vaccines, tobacco reduction programs

Secondary Prevention

measures to detect and treat cancer early

• mammograms screening, Pap smears

Tertiary Prevention

measures that prevent progression and complications

• ongoing surveillance of patients who already had cancer

• ongoing pt follow up

13% of all new cancers are caused by what type of infections

Viral infections

• disturb cell transformation, immune supression, etc

What three cancers does HPV cause

Cervical, anal, and oropharyngeal cancers.

what cancers does Hep B/C cause

Hepatocellular carcinoma (liver cancer)

What cancers does HIV cause (2 are AIDS defining)

• Kaposi Sarcoma, NHL (AIDS defining)

• melanoma, prostate, liver (non-AIDS defining)

What bacteria is associated with gastrointestinal malignancies

Helicobacter pylori is associated with gastric cancer and MALT lymphoma.

What parasites are associated with cholangiocarcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma

certain liver flukes; trematodes and flatworms

best ways to prevent against viruses

Vaccines and screening options for ealry diagnosis

• HPV vaccination for all

• PrEP lowers risk of HIV

• vaccination for Hep C

treatment of chronic Hep B infection

interferon and nucleoside analogues decreases risk of hepatocellular carcinoma

avoid alcohol

Tobacco use is a factor in development of what cancers

leukemia, oral cavity, esophagus, pancreas, lung, kidney, and much more

what people have an increased incidence of breast and prostate cancer due to tobacco use

those with african ancestry

how does tobacco use cause cancer

tobacco delivers carcinogens directly to tissue, causing irritation and inflammation and interfers with body’s natrual protective barriers which can lead to DNA damage

prevention of tobacco associated with cancers

quit smoking

• health benefits can be seen nearly immediately and can decrease second smoking related malignancy in people already diagnosed

exercise at the _____ stage of life may offer protection against breast cancer

adolescent stage

what are the two types of cancer that physical activity decreases risk of

breast and colon cancer

• thus encourage physical activity in patients

it is estimated that obesity may cause ____ % of cancers in the US

40%

examples of weight associated increases in cancer

non-surgical weight loss reduces risk of what two types of cancer

breast and endometrial cancer

bariatric surgery

a surgical procedure aimed at weight loss that can significantly reduce the risk of various obesity-related cancers.

• reduuces mortality and risk of colon, breast cancer, endometrial and pancreatic

what amount of alcohol is safe to consume

no amount of alcohol is safe to consume for cancer prevention

how many drinks per week increases the risk of developing cancers

3-6 standard drinks per week

how many drinks is considered high risk for cancer and also raises risk of heart disease and stroke

seven or more standard drinks per week

the cancer burden from environmental agents varies by degree of …

industrialization of the country

WHO estimates that ____% of cancers are attributable to environmental risks, air pollution, and management of chemicals/radiation

20%

What cancers can UV radiation cause

skin cancer, including melanoma and non-melanoma

• sun exposure in childhood increases risk

• UV from sun and tanning ebds are also risky

Prevention of UV induced radiation

• limit time in the sun between 10am-4pm

• wear hats and sunglasses

• use sunscreen

what element increases lung cancer risk, and is often found in enclosed basement spaces

radon gas

DDT increases risk of what cancers

liver, testis, NHL

Lidane (agricultural insecticide) increases risk of what cancer

NHL

Cadmium increases the risk of what cancer

lung

• potentially prostate and kidney

Arsenic increases risk of what cancers

lung, skin, urinary bladder

what cancers are increased by air pollution

lung cancer

• potentially bladder and breast cancer

primary prevention very important

plastic waste releases toxins that can cause what three pathologies

• endocrine disruption

• carcinogenesis

• respiratory disease

types of cancers that have increased risk from plastic waste

how does climate change effect cancer

increases cancer increasing pathways through air pollution, exposure to UV radiation, exposure to industrial toxins and infectious causes of cancer

Climate Change and Cancer Pathway

what can be done to mitigate climate change related cancers

address climate chance and mitigate exposure to cancer risk factors through policy changes, education, and sustainable practices.

what two types of diets decreased risk of cancer and mortality

• mediterranean diet

• vegetarian diet

Harmful components of diet that increase cancer risk

• high amounts of fat intake = increase breast, colon, and prostate cancers

• red and processed meat = increasde colorectal and prostate cancer

• high glycemic load in diabetes = liver, pancreas, colon, breast

Protective components of diet that decrease cancer risk

fruit and vegetables, dairy, fiber, and coffee

what does a healthy diet for decreased cancer consist of

• variety of vegetables, fruits, and whole grains

• reduced red and processed meats, sugar sweetened beverages and processed foods

calcium may increase or decrease risk of colorectal cancers

reduce risk of colorectal cancers

Vitamin E increases/decrease risk of prostate cancer

increases risk of prostate cancer

what two chemos are used for prostate cancer treatment

5-AR inhibitors

metformin

women who are at increased risk of breast cancer

treatment for pre and post menopausal breast cancer

• pre-menopause: tamoxifen

• post-menopause: aromatase inhibitors, SERMs (tamoxifen)

What mutation increases the risk for breast cancer

BRCA 1/2: treat with tamoxifen

chemoprevention with various other non-cancer related drugs

includes medications like aspirin and statins, which may reduce cancer risk through anti-inflammatory effects and lipid-lowering properties.

summary of general lifestyle recommendations