PR 2 | Exam Reviewer

inquiry

This refers to a process of asking questions and seeking information.

research

This refers to a systematic process of collecting and analyzing data to answer a specific question or solve a problem.

PHILOSOPHY OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH:

“Rooted in the _____ method.”

empirical

PHILOSOPHY OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH:

“Focuses on _____ investigation using mathematics and statistics.”

social phenomena

PHILOSOPHY OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH:

“Concerned with _____ (e.g., behaviors, communities, organizations).”

systematic

KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH:

1) _____
2) empirical
3) social phenomena
4) mathematics & statistics

empirical

KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH:

1) systematic
2) _____
3) social phenomena
4) mathematics & statistics

social phenomena

KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH:

1) systematic
2) empirical
3) _____
4) mathematics & statistics

mathematics & statistics

KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH:

1) systematic
2) empirical
3) social phenomena
4) _____

systematic

KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH:

“Follows structured steps.”

empirical

KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH:

“Based on observable data.”

social phenomena

KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH:

“Studies people and their interactions.”

mathematics & statistics

KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH:

“Uses formulas and numerical analysis.”

descriptive quantitative

TYPE OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH:

The aim of this research is to describe the current status of a phenomenon.

descriptive quantitative research

TYPE OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH:

For data collection, there are no changes made to the environment and is purely observational.

descriptive quantitative research

TYPE OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH:

The variables for this type of research are not manipulated and are observed as is.

descriptive quantitative research

TYPE OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH:

The common questions for this type of research are typically—
>>> What is/are … ?
>>> How much … ?
>>> How many … ?
>>> How often … ?
>>> How long … ?

descriptive quantitative research

TYPE OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH:

Example:
>>> “Computer Brand Preference among SHS Students”

descriptive quantitative research

TYPE OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH:

Example:
>>> “Level of Satisfaction with Blended Learning”

correlational research

TYPE OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH:

The aim of this research is to test relationships between variables.

correlational research

TYPE OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH:

For data collection, this type of research uses systematic observation of relationships.

correlational research

TYPE OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH:

The variables for this type of research are observed and analyzed for associations.

correlational research

TYPE OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH:

The common questions for this type of research are typically—
>>> Is there a significant relationship between X and Y?

correlational research

TYPE OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH:

Example:
>>> “Hours spent gaming vs. academic performance”

correlational research

TYPE OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH:

Example:
>>> “Gender vs. academic achievement”

correlational research

TYPE OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH:

Example:
>>> “Childhood trauma vs. adult mental health”

correlational research

TYPE OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH:

Example:
>>> “Light wavelengths vs. plant growth”

causal-comparative research

TYPE OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH:

The aim of this research is to identify cause-and-effect relationships without manipulating variables.

causal-comparative research

TYPE OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH:

For data collection, this type of research uses comparisons made between existing groups.

causal-comparative research

TYPE OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH:

The variables for this type of research cannot be manipulated for ethical and practical reasons.

causal-comparative research

TYPE OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH:

The common questions for this type of research are typically—
>>> Is there a significant difference between X and Y?

causal-comparative research

TYPE OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH:

Example:
>>> “Academic performance of two sections with the same teacher”

causal-comparative research

TYPE OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH:

Example:
>>> “Student misbehavior in strict vs. lenient schools”

experimental research

TYPE OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH:

The aim of this research is to determine the cause-and-effect relationships by manipulating one variable.

experimental research

TYPE OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH:

For data collection, this type of research is guided by a hypothesis and the variables are controlled.

experimental research

TYPE OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH:

The independent variable for this type of research is manipulated, while the dependent variable is measured for changes.

experimental research

TYPE OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH:

Example:
>>> “Onion and tea as treatment for alopecia”

experimental research

TYPE OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH:

Example:
>>> “Used cooking oil as biodiesel”

quasi-experimental research

TYPE OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH:

The aim of this research is quite similar to experimental researches, but lacks full control over variables or random assignments.

quasi-experimental research

TYPE OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH:

Example:
>>> “After-school tutoring and math performance”

quasi-experimental research

TYPE OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH:

Example:
>>> “Literacy programs in low-income communities”

variable

This refers to a measurable attribute that can vary across individuals, groups, or situations.

constant

This refers to a characteristic that remains all the same within a group.

independent variable

TYPES OF VARIABLES:

1) _____
2) Dependent Variable
3) Intervening Variable
4) Antecedent Variable
5) Constant or Controlled Variable
6) Extraneous (Confounding) Variable

dependent variable

TYPES OF VARIABLES:

1) Independent Variable
2) _____
3) Intervening Variable
4) Antecedent Variable
5) Constant or Controlled Variable
6) Extraneous (Confounding) Variable

intervening variable

TYPES OF VARIABLES:

1) Independent Variable
2) Dependent Variable
3) _____
4) Antecedent Variable
5) Constant or Controlled Variable
6) Extraneous (Confounding) Variable

antecedent variable

TYPES OF VARIABLES:

1) Independent Variable
2) Dependent Variable
3) Intervening Variable
4) _____
5) Constant or Controlled Variable
6) Extraneous (Confounding) Variable

constant or controlled variable

TYPES OF VARIABLES:

1) Independent Variable
2) Dependent Variable
3) Intervening Variable
4) Antecedent Variable
5) _____
6) Extraneous (Confounding) Variable

extraneous (confounding) variable

TYPES OF VARIABLES:

1) Independent Variable
2) Dependent Variable
3) Intervening Variable
4) Antecedent Variable
5) Constant or Controlled Variable
6) _____

independent variable

TYPE OF VARIABLE:

This type of variable causes change and happens before the dependent variable.

dependent variable

TYPE OF VARIABLE:

This type of variable receives change—(the effect, outcome, or product).

intervening variable

TYPE OF VARIABLE:

This type of variable acts as a bridge between independent and dependent variables. It explains how or why the effect occurs.

This is only present if the connection of the two variables is not visible.

antecedent variable

TYPE OF VARIABLE:

This type of variable comes before the independent variable.

It influences the relationship between other variables.

antecedent variable

TYPE OF VARIABLE:

This type of variable is another independent variable that strengthens the other independent variable.

constant or controlled variable

TYPE OF VARIABLE:

This type of variable is deliberately kept unchanged. It is used in experimental research to isolate effects and should always be present in experiments.

extraneous (confounding) variable

TYPE OF VARIABLE:

This type of variable is the unintended variable that may affect the outcome. This is not a part of the study but can influence results.

antecedent > IV > intervening > DV

What are the typical order of the variables?

categorical, numerical variables

What are the two categories under the taxonomy of variables?

nominal, ordinal

What are the two categories under the categorical variables?

interval, ratio

What are the two categories under the numerical variables?

nominal

This refers to variables’ categories without order. (e.g., gender, race)

ordinal

This refers to variables’ categories with order. (e.g., academic ranking)

interval

This refers to variables’ ordered with equal intervals, no true zero. (e.g., temperature)

ratio

This refers to variables’ ordered with equal intervals, and a true zero. (e.g., income)

research topic

This refers to the issue or problem leading to the need of one’s research.”

variables

“A good research title reflects…”

1) _____ | what is studied
2) research design | how it’s studied
3) scope | where and to whom it applies

research design

“A good research title reflects…”

1) variables | what is studied
2) _____ | how it’s studied
3) scope | where and to whom it applies

scope

“A good research title reflects…”

1) variables | what is studied
2) research design | how it’s studied
3) _____ | where and to whom it applies

twelve

“A good research title is concise and does not exceed _____ words.”

research problem

This refers to the core issue or gap that your study addresses. It defines the “what” of your research and guides your questions and methodology.

research question

This refers to specific, focused questions that your study aims to answer.

research questions

This directs the study and defines what you want to find out.

research questions

This is usually posed as questions. (e.g., “What is the impact of social media on student productivity?”

research questions

This is narrow and specific, often leading to hypotheses.

research objectives

These are specific, measurable goals that break down your research question.

research objectives

These guide the methodology, data collection, and analysis.

review of related literature

This refers to a summary of previous research related to your topic. It helps you understand what has already been studied and what gaps still exist.

five

“A good RRL must be recent and must have been published within the last _____ years.”

structured

CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD RRL:

1) _____
2) thematic
3) critical

thematic

CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD RRL:

1) structured
2) _____
3) critical

critical

CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD RRL:

1) structured
2) thematic
3) _____

plagiarism

This refers to copying someone’s work without credit.

American Psychological Association

What does APA stand for?

integral citation

This citation style mentions the author. (e.g., Roxas (2015) stated…)

non-integral

This citation style focuses on the idea. (e.g., It was found that…(Roxas, 2015))

summary

PATTERNS OF CITATION:

1) _____
2) paraphrase
3) short quotation
4) long quotation
5) verb tense

paraphrase

PATTERNS OF CITATION:

1) summary
2) _____
3) short quotation
4) long quotation
5) verb tense

short quotation

PATTERNS OF CITATION:

1) summary
2) paraphrase
3) _____
4) long quotation
5) verb tense

long quotation

PATTERNS OF CITATION:

1) summary
2) paraphrase
3) short quotation
4) _____
5) verb tense

verb tense

PATTERNS OF CITATION:

1) summary
2) paraphrase
3) short quotation
4) long quotation
5) _____

summary

PATTERNS OF CITATION:

“short version in your own words.”

paraphrase

PATTERNS OF CITATION:

“rewriting with your own understanding.”

short quotation

PATTERNS OF CITATION:

“—less than 40 words.”

long quotation

PATTERNS OF CITATION:

“—more than 40 words (block format).”

verb tense

PATTERNS OF CITATION:

“use present, past, or present-perfect (APA prefers present-perfect).”

introduction, methodology, results, discussion

What does IMRaD stand for?

IMRaD

This refers to the standard structure used in writing scientific and academic research papers. It helps organize ideas clearly and logically.

introduction

Which part of the IMRaD is Abstract a part of?

introduction

Which part of the IMRaD is the Background of the Study a part of?

introduction

Which part of the IMRaD is the RRL a part of?