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What are the major reservoirs in the hydrologic cycle?
oceans, glacier ice, groundwater, lakes, soil moisture, living organisms, the atmosphere, and rivers
what are the major fluxes in the hydrologic cycle?
Precipitation, evapotranspiration, and runoff
How does downcutting alter the shape of a river valley?
a stream's channel erodes directly downward.
How does sidecutting alter the shape of a river valley?
What are the features formed by a lowland river?
meanders, ox-bow lakes, flood plains, levées and deltas
What are the features formed by an upland stream?
steep V-shaped valleys, interlocking spurs, rapids, waterfalls and gorges
How does water flow underground?
due to gravity and pressure
How are artesian wells formed?
In places where the overlying impermeable rocks are broken by joints or faults, water may escape through them to rise to the surface as artesian springs
How does karst topography form?
when much of the water falling on the surface interacts with and enters the subsurface through cracks, fractures, and holes that have been dissolved into the bedrock
How does a cave form?
Caves are formed by the dissolution of limestone. Rainwater picks up carbon dioxide from the air and as it percolates through the soil, which turns into a weak acid. This slowly dissolves out the limestone along the joints, bedding planes and fractures, some of which become enlarged enough to form caves.
Where do subtropical, rain shadow and polar deserts form?
Low latitude medium latitude high latitude
How does wind affect: silt and clay particles; sand particles; gravel?
wind picks up and transports particles.
How does water shape the land in a dry/desert environment?
Precipitation that falls in higher elevations in deserts flows rapidly down to flat areas through canyons, valleys, and other narrow, confined channels.
How is wavebase and wave break water depth calculated?
Wave base- wave length divided by 2
Wave break- wavelength divided by 2
How does wave refraction shape the shoreline?
Wave refraction causes wave fronts to parallel the shape of the coastline as they approach shore and encounter ground.
How to tell the direction of movement of longshore currents?
Know what causes the daily tides?
the gravitational forces between the earth, the moon and the sun.
How do glaciers form a cirque?
As the ice goes melts and thaws and progressively moves downhill more rock material is scoured out from the cirque creating the characteristic bowl shape.
How do valley glaciers move?
(1) deformation of the ice itself and (2) motion at the glacier base. At the bottom of the glacier, ice can slide over bedrock or shear subglacial sediments.
How do valley glaciers alter the shape of the land?
through erosion, or the removal of rock and sediment.
Know what causes the monthly tides?
Caused by the fact that the moon orbits the moon once a months, but when the moon orbits the sun, the earth all at once, allowing it the aline all at one.
How do the monthly tides relate to the lunar phases?
When the moon is at its full or new moon phase, high tides are at their highest, while low tides are lower than usual.
